TS 1583 
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Copy 1 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE 
E. E. PRATT, Chief 



MISCELLANEOUS SERIES— No. 37 



THE COTTON -SPINNING MACHINERY 
INDUSTRY 

REPORT ON THE COST OF PRODUCTION OF COTTON- 
SPINNING MACHINERY IN THE UNITED STATES 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1916 



fttoaegftffo 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

W.S, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE 

E. E. PRATT, Chief 



MISCELLANEOUS SERIES— No. 37 



THE COTTON -SPINNING MACHINERY 
INDUSTRY 

REPORT ON THE COST OF PRODUCTION OF COTTON- 
SPINNING MACHINERY IN THE UNITED STATES 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1916 



C]KG 



ADDITIONAL COPIES 

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM 

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

AT 

10 CENTS PER COPY 



D. of D. 
JUL 15 1916 






CONTENTS 



Page. 

Letter of submittal 5 

Introduction 7 

Summary 10 

Cost of production .' 10 

Cost accounting and efficiency 11 

Selling methods 12 

Prices 12 

Working conditions 12 

Imports and exports 13 

Relative merits of foreign and domestic machinery 13 

Card clothing 14 

Chapter I. — The cotton textile machinery industry in the United States 15 

Development of the industry 15 

Competitive expansion of the industry 18 

Chapter II. — Cost of production of cotton-spinning machinery 18 

Range of costs and profits in nine-year period IS 

Most profitable year 19 

Least profitable year 20 

Average year 22 

Recapitulation for each plant for most profitable, least profitable, and aver- 
age years 23 

Labor cost 23 

Most profitable and least profitable plants 24 

Recapitulation for all plants for nine-year period 27 

Net sales 28 

Costs. 30 

Labor cost of two standard units 31 

Assets and liabilities ; 32 

Profits 33 

Chapter III. — Cotton-mill equipment 36 

Cotton textile machines and their uses 36 

Openers 36 

Pickers 36 

Cards 36 

Drawing frames 38 

Slubber and roving frames 38 

Ring spinning frames 38 

Combing machines 39 

Automatic looms 40 

Cotton-waste machinery 41 

Machine equipment of a 50,000-spindle mill 42 

Improvements in cotton-spinning machinery 44 

Chapter IV. — Machines used in manufacturing cotton-spinning machinery . . 48 

Shop equipment 48 

Improvements 48 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Chapter V. — Cost accounting and efficiency 51 

Present methods t 51 

An efficiency experiment 51 

Chapter VI. — Selling methods, prices, and conditions 53 

Relations of shops and cotton mills 53 

Selling prices 55 

Chapter VII. — Working conditions 58 

Occupations 58 

Earnings 59 

Welfare of employees 70 

Chapter VIII. — Foreign and domestic textile machinery 73 

Imports 73 

Exports 75 

Foreign and domestic machines in American cotton mills 76 

Relative merits of foreign and domestic machinery 82 

Chapter IX. — Cards and card clothing 85 

Cost of production of card clothing 86 

Materials 86 

Labor 88 

Occupations and wages 88 

Cost of imported cards 89 

Appendix A. — Bibliography on textile machinery 91 

Appendix B. — Makers of cotton textile machinery 99 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 



Department of Commerce, 
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 

Washington, January 22, 1916. 

Sir : I beg to submit herewith a report on the cost of production of 
cotton-spinning machinery in the years 1906 to 1914, comprising a 
study of the manufacture of such machines as are used in the various 
processes from the opening of the bale to the spinning of the cotton. 

This investigation was undertaken in accordance with the act of 
Congress approved August 23, 1912, establishing the Bureau of 
Foreign and Domestic Commerce. In addition to presenting the cost 
of production, the report contains information concerning manufac- 
turing and selling methods, working conditions, imports and exports, 
and other features or conditions of this industry which were observed 
by the special agents. 

While in earlier years the American cotton-textile industry was 
mainly dependent upon foreign manufacturers for machinery, this 
dependence has been gradually removed, and at the present time 
statistics obtained from cotton mills throughout the United States 
show that over 90 per cent of the cotton-textile machinery installed 
is of American manufacture. 

Statistics of the value of imports and exports of cotton-spinning 
machinery are not available, but an examination of the invoices at 
the United States appraisers' offices in Boston, New York, and Phila- 
delphia shows that the number of cotton-textile machines imported 
at these ports decreased from l,132in 1909 to 275 in 1914. The duty 
on these machines is 20 per cent ad valorem. 

While the amount of exports of cotton-spin ring machinery of the 
kind considered in this report is unknown, it was found upon inquiry 
among the manufacturers that it is very small, in fact almost negli- 
gible. There is a feeling among some manufacturers that the time is 
now ripe to branch out into the foreign markets. 

In the investigation of the cost of production of cotton-spinning 
machinery, reports were received from three firms owning six plants 
in New England. These firms produce between 80 and 90 per cent 
of the domestic output of the machinery of the kind considered. The 
data cover a period of nine years. The net sales of all of these 

5 



6 LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 

establishments varied during the nine years from $12,837,892 in 1909 
to $6,988,178 in 1914. 

The concrete results of the investigation appear in the summary 
of this report, while the detailed information is given in the various 
chapters. 

This investigation was conducted by Special Agent Edward S. 
Fawcett, with the assistance of Special Agent F. B. Meador. Special 
Agent Frank J. Sheridan made special inquiry concerning card cloth- 
ing and obtained certain other facts that were incorporated in the 
report. The general direction of the office work and the editing of 
the report has been in charge of Gustavus A. Weber, expert in charge 
of the cost of production division, assisted by Henry J. Bierman. 

E. E. Pratt, 
Chief of Bureau. 

To Hon. William C. Redfield, 

Secretary of Commerce, 



THE COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The cotton textile machinery plants included in this investigation 
have directed their efforts mainly to the manufacture of cotton- 
spinning machinery, the larger establishments making complete lines 
from the bale opener to the spinning frame. A few plain looms have 
also been made, and some little miscellaneous textile machinery. 
Combing machinery, used in the manufacture of fine soft yarn, has 
been made by only one firm. These machines are well protected by 
patents both here and abroad, and as the demand is not great for this 
special class of cotton machinery, the other firms would hardly be 
justified in spending large sums to develop their own machines in 
this direction, even though the firm now making combers has found 
them very profitable. 

Mule spinning machinery has not been manufactured to any great 
extent in this country. During recent years it has been made by 
only one domestic manufacturer. The demand, however, is so small 
that he has made none during the last two years. The improvements 
made in ring spinning machinery have developed these machines to 
such a high degree of perfection that they are rapidly supplanting 
the mule machines for even very fine yarns. 

Ring spinning is the commonly used method in this country. 
Mule spinning, a slower process, is an English method. An enumera- 
tion of cotton mills made for use in this report shows mills reporting 
slightly over 18,600,000 ring spindles and slightly less than 2,300,000 
mule spindles. Each year the percentage of ring spinning is becoming 
greater. 

Most of the other machines used in cotton mills, such as dyeing, 
printing, pressing, drying, cloth finishing, and other miscellaneous 
machines, including automatic looms, are not ordinarily made by the 
firms that make the spinning machinery. They are made by speci- 
alty shops, and for all practical purposes their manufacture may be 
considered a separate industry. 

Some of the cotton-spinning machinery manufacturers also manu- 
facture wool and worsted machinery, but not to any great extent. 
Their principal efforts have been directed to the development of 
strictly cotton machinery. The one cotton-machinery plant which 
has made the greatest effort to develop a trade in wool and worsted 
machinery has also manufactured some silk and paper machinery, and 
in the last few years accepted quite a large order for jute machinery. 
Until this order was placed all jute machinery was imported. Unfor- 
tunately for the development of such lines, this plant was under very 
conservative management, which made little effort to use modern 
manufacturing methods and permitted the establishment to fall 



8 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEEY INDUSTRY. 

behind the times in every way. Within the last few years, however, 
it has come under the control of one of the most progressive firms, and 
in course of time will undoubtedly be brought up to date or else its 
business transferred to one of the firm's efficient shops. 

The agents of the Bureau obtained establishment schedules for a 
series of years from the three firms which produce between 80 and 90 
per cent of the cotton textile machinery made in this country. One 
of these firms operates four plants, located in three towns of two 
States, and the other two firms operate one plant each. These 
four plants were not under the same joint management during 
the entire period, however. Therefore they are considered as sepa- 
rate plants in the following tables, except in the tables showing per 
cent of profit on capital and surplus, etc., where the firm is considered 
as a unit. This difference was made because it was impossible to 
segregate the capital, etc., of the four individual plants. The method 
used was to combine the assets of all four plants and calculate the 
combined profits against this. 

The figures obtained from one of the firms were for an even nine- 
year period from January 1, 1906, to January 1, 1915; from another 
firm, April 1, 1907, to January 1, 1915; for two of the plants of the 
third firm the figures cover a period of nine years and two months, 
or from May 1, 1905, to July 1, 1914; for the third plant of this group 
they cover seven years and nine months, from October 1, 1906, to 
July 1, 1914; for the fourth plant from October 1, 1906, to October 1, 
1911, and from January 1 to July 1, 1914, or five and a half years. 
The figures for this plant for the period from 1911 to 1914 are included 
in the figures of the third plant. 

Because of the many changes and differences in bookkeeping 
methods at the several plants over this long period, it was necessary 
that the items called for in the schedule be simplified as much as 
possible. 

The following items were obtained : 

1. Materials used. — Including all material purchased and adjustment of difference 
in inventory between the beginning and end of period; all supplies for shop and 
foundry and all material used in foundry. 

2. Pay roll. — Total pay roll of shop and foundry, direct and indirect labor of all 
kinds, foremen and second hands, excepting those items which should be properly 
charged to selling or administration. 

3. Royalties.— All royalty charges for patents used not the property of the firms. 

4. Repairs. — This account appears in the books of one firm only and includes re- 
pairs to plant and equipment, also such items as files, drills, cutters, etc., amounting 
to about 20 per cent (estimated), which should be properly charged to supplies. 

5. Insurance. — All insurance. 

6. Taxes. — City, county, State, and Federal. 

7. Selling. — All items properly chargeable to selling, salaries, traveling expenses 
and commissions of salesmen, advertising, branch-office expenses and salaries of em- 
ployees at plant and head offices who are connected with sales force. 

8. Administration. — Head-office expenses, including salaries, stationery, printing, 
postage, bad debts, and miscellaneous general expense. Traveling expenses of ad- 
ministrative officers. 

9. Miscellaneous. — Miscellaneous items which could not be apportioned satisfactorily 
to the other accounts. This item appears in two plants, though at one plant it is 
very small. 

10. Total cost. — The total of the preceding items. 

11. Manufacturing profit. — Found by subtracting total cost from net sales. 

12. Net sales. — Gross sales of new machines and repair parts, less returns, allowances, 
and discount. 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

13. Interest, dividends on outside investments, etc., received. — Interest on accounts and 
notes receivable, bank balances, etc., dividends on stocks in other companies, and 
interest on bonds owned by the firm. 

14. Other miscellaneous receipts. — Sundry items, net rent from tenements, etc. 

15. Interest and other miscellaneous payments.— Interest on borrowed money payable 
by the firm. Sundry miscellaneous payments. 

16. Final profit. — Showing the final net profit of the firm, not including dividends or 
amounts set aside for special reserve funds. 

Depreciation has been omitted from the figures of the foregoing 
schedule, not because it is considered an improper charge against 
manufacturing expense, but because the field agents found that in 
practically all cases many charges were made to the material and 
labor accounts which should properly have been charged to repairs 
or permanent improvements. These items would in their opinion 
much more than offset any possible charge for depreciation. 

The fact that repair accounts were kept in few plants, and then 
did not represent the actual figures for repairs, made the separation 
of such items impossible. 

Bad debts have been considered in the establishment schedule but 
not the loss or gain on mill stocks and bonds. 

The acceptance of mill stocks and bonds as part payment and 
in some cases payment in full for machinery is fully discussed in 
another chapter. The manufacturers assert that their loss on this 
class of securities is great. The actual figures of loss or gain on such 
stocks are very hard to determine for any period owing to the way 
they are handled. 

One of the three firms studied still retains virtually all such securi- 
ties accepted within the last nine years, the period covered by this 
report. One retains the majority accepted during that time, very 
few having been sold and the remainder disbursed as dividends to 
the stockholders on a basis which required no determination of value. 
The third firm, an amalgamation of four plants, has sold or dis- 
bursed practically all security accepted. These plants have gone 
through a number of reorganizations within the period treated by the 
report and in some instances these securities have been retained by 
the old companies. The books of this firm, in one case, when the 
figures could be ascertained, show a loss on securities accepted be- 
tween May 1, 1909, and February 1, 1911, of $146,168, and between 
July 1, 1913, and to July 1, 1914, a loss of $98,370. 

An appraisal of securities now held by these firms would be very 
unsatisfactory. The securities have only a local market, in the 
vicinity of the mill, and in the majority of cases are not listed on any 
stock exchange. 



SUMMARY. 

COST OF PRODUCTION. 

The cost of production was ascertained from three firms which 
conducted six plants. The product of these plants consists of cotton- 
spinning machinery from the bale opener to the spinning frame, 
besides which a few plain looms and some little miscellaneous textile 
machinery is made. These three firms produce between 80 and 90 
per cent of the output of such machinery in this country. One of 
them operates four plants and the other two operate one plant each. 

The years 1909 and 1910 are known to have been the most pros- 
perous years this industry has experienced, and in the following com- 
parisons 1909 will be termed the most profitable year, as against 1913, 
which is shown by the records to have been the least profitable year. 
It is evident that 1910 held approximately to the high level of 1909, 
or possibly exceeded it, but unfortunately for purposes of exact 
comparison, the figures for several of the plants for 1910 could not be 
satisfactorily obtained for the full yearly period. This leaves 1909 
the highest year for which figures are available, and if it was not 
actually the most profitable year, the error in the assumption is 
obviously on the conservative side. 

The combined net sales of these three firms amounted to 
$12,837,892 in 1909, and $7,440,916 in 1913, the average sales during 
the period being $9,981,711 per year. 

On these sales there was a manufacturing profit of 22.94 per cent 
and a final profit of 25.04 per cent during the most profitable year, 
a manufacturing profit of 3.80 per cent and a final profit of 5.62 per 
cent during the least profitable year, and a manufacturing profit of 
18.29 per cent and final profit of 20.24 per cent during the period. 
During the most profitable year the final profits in the six plants 
varied from 13.30 to 39.07 per cent of the net sales. During the least 
profitable year one plant had a final loss of 17.42 per cent, and the 
final profits of the other five varied from 0.37 to 34.68 per cent of the 
net sales. 

When discussing profits, it is well to remember that the percentage 
of profit on net sales does not represent the percentage of profit on 
invested capital. The manufacturing profit on investment, for all 
three firms combined for the most profitable year, was 21.57 per 
cent, the final profit was 23.55 per cent; for the least profitable year 
the manufacturing profit was 2.05, the final profit 3.04; for the average 
year the manufacturing profit was 14.03, the final profit 15.53. 

During the most profitable year the materials used in all the plants 
amounted to 47.50 per cent of the total manufacturing cost, the pay 
roll 42.32 per cent, selling expense 3.36 per cent, and administrative 
expense 2.34 per cent, the other items of manufacturing and selling 
cost amounting to 4.48 per cent. 

10 



SUMMARY. 11 

During the least profitable year the total material cost was 39.66 
per cent, the pay roll 47.37 per cent, the selling expense 5.15 per cent, 
the administrative expense 3.20 per cent, and the other items 4.62 
per cent of the total manufacturing and selling cost. 

The percentage of material cost was relatively higher and the 
labor cost (pay roll), selling, and administrative expense were rela- 
tively lower during the most profitable year than during the least 
profitable year. 

The figures for individual establishments presented in this report 
show that the most profitable of the six plants varied but little in 
the percentage of profit from the most profitable to the least profit- 
able year, while the least profitable plant varied from a profit of 13.30 
per cent to a loss of 17.42 per cent of the net sales. 

A comparison of the total figures for all plants from year to year 
shows that in 1906 and 1907 over ten million dollars' worth of 
machinery was sold, namely, $10,845,818 and $11,513,044, respect- 
ively; then the net sales dropped off to $8,622,966 in 190S, and 
increased to $12,837,892 in 1909 and $12,803,814 in 1910. After 
1910 there was a steady decrease to $8,848,787 in 1911, $8,784,222 
in 1912, $7,440,916 in 1913, and $6,988,178 in 1914. 

The total profits rose and fell with the sales, although not in the 
same proportion, the amount of profits being not only dependent 
upon the volume of sales but in perhaps a greater degree upon the 
selling price of the product. 

A comparison from year to year of the principal items of cost, 
based on the total manufacturing and selling expense, shows that the 
percentage of material cost has declined almost steadily from 1906 
to 1914, while the labor cost or pay roll has steadily increased. The 
percentages of selling and administrative as well as the other items 
of expense fluctuated irregularly from year to year. 

COST ACCOUNTING AND EFFICIENCY. 

There has been a surprising lack of attention to cost accounting in 
the cotton-spinning machinery manufacturing plants visited by the 
agents. One large plant had practically no general bookkeeping 
system, except in the purchase department. It used an inadequate 
single-entry system. Another firm visited apparently made no effort 
to keep books except in the most old-fashioned way, and until two 
years ago had not taken an inventory of stock on hand for 25 or 30 
years. At only one of the plants was there a unit-cost accounting 
system in use; this was not satisfactory and has since been super- 
ceded by a modern and accurate system. 

There have unquestionably been many efforts made during the 
last 20 years to increase the manufacturing efficiency of the various 
plants. Many automatic and special tools have been introduced, and 
some shops have been specially equipped for the efficient production 
of certain machines. 

In one instance a systematic effort was made to increase the 
general efficiency. A firm of efficiency engineers was engaged and 
an expert study was made of operations on an important part of a 
machine. The study was directed toward the possible improve- 
ment of machine tools, the better planning of the work, and the 



12 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

introduction of the bonus system. With regard to the bonus system, 
the report of the experts indicates that its introduction in most 
instances brought decided increases in production, reductions in 
labor cost, and increases in the individual earnings of the workmen. 
At the time of the present investigation, the recommendations of the 
efficiency experts had not been adopted for general application in 
the plant. 

SELLING METHODS. 

The cotton textile machinery manufacturers have been very 
progressive in their selling methods. The heads of the concerns 
keep in constant touch with all orders and with the opportunities for 
making sales. Many of the larger orders are sold in person by mem- 
bers of the firms. Salesmen are kept continually on the road and are 
usually on a salary basis. These men make regular visits to the mills 
whether orders are expected or not, and thus keep the machinery 
manufacturers posted not only concerning possible orders but also 
concerning changes and improvements contemplated by the mills. 

The machinery manufacturers have frequently helped to finance the 
organization and expansion of cotton mills by extending large and 
long credits and by the acceptance of mill stocks and bonds in part 
or entire payment for machinery which is installed. 

All machines when completed are first assembled and erected and 
tested at the shop, after which they are taken down and again erected 
at the cotton mill. Machines sold to New England spinners are 
erected and put in running order at the mills free of charge. Out- 
side of New England machines are sold f. o. b. machine shop, and the 
mill pays all freight and erection charges. Southern offices are main- 
tained by all large firms for convenience in selling to southern cotton 
mills. Supplies of card-clothing and other common repair parts are 
kept at these local offices, and repair and erecting men are also sta- 
tioned there in order to be quickly available for rush orders. 

PRICES. 

For some years the machinery manufacturers had a sales price 
agreement, but it is a question whether this was ever observed. So 
long as the demand for machinery was large it was easy to keep up 
the prices, but the instant the demand began seriously to drop off 
the severest competition began and prices fell accordingly. 

WORKING CONDITIONS. 

There have been practically no labor troubles in this industry. 
Few highly skilled men are employed except as foremen, second hands, 
erectors, and machinists in the tool department. Most of the employ- 
ees are machine hands, an occupation which requires very little 
training. The number of men employed by the three firms reported 
upon varied from 6,500 during dull times to 8,500 during the busier 
years. 

The general working conditions were found to be good in all the 
establishments visited. The men appeared to be well treated and 
seemed to be contented and to like their work. In some plants per- 
sons have been employed continuously for 50 years or more. 



SUMMARY. 13 

The fact that no strikes of any importance have occurred in this 
industry is convincing proof of the ability of the administrative offi- 
cers to understand and direct labor. Of the plants visited none has 
the reputation of being a "drive shop." Many things are done for 
the welfare of the workmen. The plants are clean, light, and in 
every way sanitary, adding much both to the convenience and health 
of the workmen and the efficiency of the shop as a whole. The 
machinery is well protected, and the danger of accident reduced to a 
minimum. Where dust, filings, and other dangerous substances are 
found blowing systems have been installed to carry them away. In 
the brass foundries, where dangerous gases are formed, it is customary 
to change the men every two weeks, those relieved returning to the 
iron foundry, from which they had come. While at work in the brass 
foundry their pay is increased, and, on account of the increased pay, 
a molder is considered fortunate to get such work, the exposure to the 
gases not being long enough to endanger his health. 

In some places good houses are furnished for the married workmen 
at a rental much below the average local rate. In two cases hotels 
have been built for the accommodation of workmen with no families. 
The hotels are models of their kind, and in fact the food served is 
much better than at the average hotel in a small town. The rates 
are moderate. Where possible boat clubs, bowling alleys, billiard 
and pool rooms, athletic fields, and other means of entertainment at 
reduced rates are maintained. 

Statistics of wages of the employees in each of the establishments 
visited were obtained for pay periods in 1906, 1908, 1910, and 1914. 
They show that the average wages generally increased from year to 
year. Both time and piece rates of wages are paid, and in some 
cases bonuses are added to the regular wages. Detailed wage tables 
are shown in the chapter on working conditions. 

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 

There are no available official statistics published showing the imports 
and exports of cotton-spinning machinery from the bale opener to the 
spinning frame, such as would enter into competition with the estab- 
lishments covered by the investigation. In order to obtain such in- 
formation original compilations were made from the invoices on file 
at the offices of the United States appraisers in Boston, New York, 
and Philadelphia, showing the imports of each kind of machine from 
1909 to 1915. The figures obtained from this source show a steady 
and rapid decline in such imports during this period. There is a 
duty of 20 per cent ad valorem on these imports. 

RELATIVE MERITS OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MACHINERY. 

It is of course much more convenient for American mills to buy 
their machinery from manufacturers in this country. Details of 
design can be more expeditiously arranged, and all dealings can be 
conducted with the actual executive head of the establishment, which 
is always a great advantage. By purchasing in this country, the 
cotton mills may also obtain repair parts much more promptly than 
if they imported their machinery. 



14 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

Another important consideration to the mills is the fact that the 
machinery firms, being large and, well financed, are able and willing 
to allow long-time credits. They frequently accept, in lieu of cash, 
stocks and bonds of the cotton mills they equip with machinery. 

Where English cotton textile machines are used in American mills 
it is usually on account of certain special qualifications. The English 
cards are said to be more durable and to have heavier castings and 
stronger bearings, and they are sold at a higher price than the Amer- 
ican cards. With regard to the other machines, however, there is 
little difference. 

CARD CLOTHING. 

While card clothing is an essential part of cotton-spinning 
machinery, it is not manufactured in any of the establishments 
considered in this report, but supports an industry in itself. There 
are five establishments in the United States that make the bulk of 
the card clothing used in both the cotton and woolen and worsted 
industries. Of these five there is but one establishment that gives 
its whole attention to the manufacture of cotton card clothing. 
Complete information concerning its cost of production can not be 
published without possible disclosure of the operations of that estab- 
lishment. Some general information concerning the manufacture of 
cards and card clothing is given in the chapter under this title. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE COTTON TEXTILE MACHINERY INDUSTRY IN THE 

UNITED STATES. 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY. 

The present importance of the cotton textile machinery industry in 
the United States is a development of the last 25 years. So far as 
this country is concerned, the phenomenal rise of the cotton trades 
was by no means paralleled in the manufacture of the implements 
required for them. 

Up to 1831, when the Census figures show 801 cotton factories in 
the United States, with 1,246,703 spindles in operation, there had 
come into existence but one shop which manufactured cotton-textile 
machinery. This had been built at Lowell, Mass., in 1824. About 
1831 or 1832 another shop was opened at Whitinsville, Mass., and 
still another at Newton Upper Falls. During the next 60 years the 
number of cotton spindles in operation in the United States multi- 
plied itself almost fourteen times, but the corresponding demands for 
cotton-spinning machinery were not supplied by American machine 
shops. 

Two factors retarded the development of the machinery industry. 
The English manufacturers had held the market of the colonies, of 
course, and it was not until 1808 that the United States began to 
depend upon her own industries. Even then England, as the center 
of cotton manufacturing and textile-machinery trades, influenced 
the New England mills, both directly and indirectly. Much of the 
stock was owned by Englishmen, who frequently could dictate as to 
the source of the machinery. Practically all the important mill 
workers, such as foremen and second hands, were English, the super- 
intendents being, almost without exception, English or Scotch. 
Both these and the rest of the mill force were accustomed to English 
machinery and preferred it on that account. 

Besides tins, the American machinery manufacturers, making large 
profits on what they did sell, lacked incentive to improvement. They 
were content to copy English models, without effort even to eliminate 
English mistakes, and they settled apparently into an inertia which 
was not overcome until about 1890. 

Activity and enterprise in the cotton textile machinery industry, 
however, once it began in earnest, has continued with vigor and 
marked practical results, the last 25 years having given the American 
markets largely into the hands of the home manufacturers. In 1899, 
according to Census reports, the cotton mills consumed 1,817,643,390 
pounds of cotton. In 1914 they consumed 2,942,366,500 pounds. 
The machinery manufacturers have kept pace with the increasing 
needs of the mills, adopting English methods and improving them, 
and spending much money on experiment. Conditions have favored 

15 



16 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



them, also, in the fact that ring spinning, an American invention, 
developed into the principal American method during this interval 
and superseded mule spinning, the English method. 

The industry is now in the hands of seven firms, the three largest of 
which operate six plants and make 80 to 90 per cent of all the cotton- 
spinning machinery that is produced in this country. The three 
early plants are still in existence and form the nucleus of the two 
largest firms now in the business. The third of the large firms was an 
English corporation, formed in 1894, with a plant in Massachusetts 
just outside of Pawtucket, R. I. This establishment was later reor- 
ganized and incorporated under the laws of the United States. 

To show the development of the cotton industry, and consequently 
to suggest the extent of the market which the machinery manufac- 
turers supply, the following table has been compiled from the United 
States Census reports. 

Table 1 shows the number of cotton spindles in operation in the 
United States at the time of each census period and in 1914. 

Table 1. — Number of Cotton Spindles in Operation in the United States, 
shown by Groups of States for each Census Period and 1914. 

[Compiled from United States Census reports.] 



Year. 


United 
States. 


New Eng- 
land States. 


Southern 

States. 


Middle 
States. 


Western 

States. 


1831 


1,246,703 
5,235,727 
7, 132, 415 
10, 653, 435 
14,3S4,1S0 
19, 463, 984 
28, 178, 862 
32, 744, 012 


823, 726 
3,858,962 
5,498,308 
8,632,0S7 
10,934,297 
13,165,809 
.15,735,086 
17, 682, 526 


81, 872 

391,920 

446,317 

713,942 

1,779,300 

4,539,290 

10,553,678 

13, 118, 652 


341, 105 
949, 111 
1,127,399 
1,219,270 
1,500,317 
1,530,051 
1,661,932 
1,698,042 






35, 734 




60,391 




88, 136 


1890 


170,266 


1900 


228, 834 


1910 


228, 166 


1914 


244, 792 







From data compiled from the United States Census reports the 
following comparison can be made of the estimated number of 
cotton-spinning spindles in use in 1914: United States, 32,744,012; 
Great Britain, 55,971,501; Germany, 11,404,944; Russia, 9,111,835; 
France, 7,400,000; India, 6,397,141; and all other countries about 
20,000,000. 

COMPETITIVE EXPANSION OF THE INDUSTRY. 

The list of American textile-machine manufacturers and the names 
of the machines made by them on page 99 shows that it is possible 
for an American manufacturer of cotton textiles to equip his mill 
wholly from American sources of supply. Machine manufacturing 
establishments have grown and developed with the corresponding 
expansion of the cotton-mill industry. Large concerns which began 
with the building of a single machine 90 years ago have expanded to 
such a degree that they now make a complete line of cotton textile 
machines. While there has been a consolidation of shops, there has 
been no industrial combination or trust in the industry. The vari- 
ous concerns are competitive in their operations. 



CHAPTER II. 
COST OF PRODUCTION OF COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY. 

A thorough study was made of the accounts of six manufacturing 
plants, covered by three firms, these six plants producing over 80 per 
cent of the total domestic output of cotton-spinning machinery. 
Cost of production figures were obtained from these plants for a 
period of nine years. 

In order to give a comprehensive view of the industry it was 
decided to show the figures in the principal tables for the most profit- 
able year, the least profitable year, and an average year. The 
average yearly figures were obtained by dividing the total actual 
figures obtained from each plant by the number of years and frac- 
tion thereof which they covered, and these were combined for the 
total of the industry. 

The years 1909 and 1910 are known to have been the most pros- 
perous years this industry has experienced, and in the following com- 
parisons 1909 will be termed the most profitable year, as against 1913, 
which is shown by the records to have been the least profitable year. 
It is evident that 1910 held approximately to the high level of 1909, 
or possibly exceeded it, but unfortunately for purposes of exact com- 
parison, the figures for several of the plants for 1910 could not be sat- 
isfactorily obtained for the full yearly period. This leaves 1909 the 
highest year for which figures are available, and if it was not actually 
the most profitable year the error in the assumption is obviously on 
the conservative side. 

RANGE OF COSTS AND PROFITS IN NINE-YEAR PERIOD. 

Table No. 2 shows that the combined net sales of the three firms 
studied were as follows: Most profitable year, $12,837,892; least 
profitable year, $7,440,916; average year, $9,981,711. 

The manufacturing profit was: Most profitable year, $2,945,184 
(22.94 per cent of net sales); least profitable year, $282,440 (3.80 per 
cent of net sales); average year, $1,825,743 (18.29 per cent of net 
sales). 

The final profit was: Most profitable year, $3,215,210 (25.04 per 
cent of net sales); least profitable year, $418,194 (5.62 per cent of 
net sales; average year, $2,020,929 (20.24 per cent of net sales). 

The range of net sales from the high to the low year was $5,396,976, 
of manufacturing profit $2,662,744, and of final profit $2,797,016. 
The difference in the profits during the most and least profitable years 
is caused by two factors, reduction in volume of sales and reduced 
selling price, both of which materially tend to reduce profits. 

25090°— 16 2 17 



18 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



Table 2. — Manufacturing Profit and Final Profit of Three Firms, Combined, 
for Most Profitable, Least Profitable, and Average Years, Showing 
also Percentages of Items Base* on Net Sales and on Total Cost. 





Most profitable 


year. 


Least profitable year. 


Average year. 


Items. 


Amount. 


Percentage 
based on- 


Amount. 


Percentage 
based on- 


Amount. 


Percentage 
based on- 




Net 
sales. 


Total 
cost. 


Net 
sales. 


Total 
cost. 


Net 
sales. 


Total 
cost. 




$4,698,743 

4,186,749 
105, 762 
163,591 

12, 822 
118,640 
331,987 
231,717 

42,697 


36.60 

32.61 
.82 
1.28 
.10 
.92 
2.59 
1.81 
.33 


47.50 

42.32 
1.07 
1.65 

.13 
1.20 
3.36 
2.34 

.43 


$2,838,943 

3,391,081 
36,583 
83,655 
21,932 
135,874 
368, 893 
229, 153 
52,362 


38.15 

45.57 
.49 
1.12 
.30 
1.83 
4.96 
3.08 
.70 


39.66 

47.37 
.51 
1.17 
.31 
1.90 
5.15 
3.20 
.73 


$3,725,330 

3, 468, 748 
107,224 
134,142 

12,359 
108, 489 
334,903 
222,947 

41,826 


37.32 

34.75 
1.08 
1.34 

.12 
1.09 
3.36 
2.23 

.42 


45.68 


Pay roll (salaries and 


42.53 




1.32 




1.64 




.15 




1.33 


Selling expense 

Administrative expense. . 


4.11 

2.73 

.51 








9, 892, 70S 
12, 837, S92 


77.06 
100. 00 


100. 00 


7, 158, 476 
7,440,916 


96.20 
100. 00 


100. 00 


8,155,968 
9,981,711 


81.71 
100. 00 


100. 00 










Manufacturing profit 

Interest, dividends on 
outside investments, 


2,945,184 

378, 421 
92, 703 


22.94 

2.95 

.72 




282, 440 

275, 646 
84,776 


3.80 

3.70 
1.14 




1,825,743 

298, 660 
95, 478 


18.29 

2.99 
.95 




Other miscellaneous re- 








Total 


3,416,308 
201,098 


26.61 
1.57 




642, 862 
224, 668 


8.64 


2,219,881 
198, 952 


22.23 
1.99 




Less interest and miscel- 
laneous payments 


3.02 








3,215,210 


25.04 




418, 194 


5.62 




2,020,929 


20.24 









Materials show little change in price over the period; while some 
materials have advanced in price others have diminished. 

Wages, however, as shown in the wage tables in Chapter VII, have 
advanced. The percentage of pay roll based on net sales was 12.96 
higher in the least profitable year than in the most profitable year, 
while the per cent of pay roll based on total cost was only 5.05 higher. 

Total cost is in no way affected by selling prices, while net sales 
are. This difference is readily understood when it is remembered 
that there has been a material reduction of selling prices during dull 
years. 

It is interesting to note that the amount of selling expense for the 
most profitable and the average year was substantially the same, 
and it was more by $33,000 for the least profitable year. This is 
perhaps explained by the fact that selling organizations are more 
important and the necessity to fight for business greater during the 
dull than prosperous years. 

The amount expended for administration showed little variation 
from one period to another. 

It is well to remember, when considering the tables, that the item 
called repairs includes only the repairs of one firm and not all of 
these, the remaining repairs of this firm and all the repairs of the 
other two firms being included in material and pay-roll accounts. 



COST OF PRODUCTION". 



19 



MOST PROFITABLE YEAR. 

Table 3 shows the costs and profits for all six plants separately for 
the most profitable year in each case. Percentages only are used, 
because the use of figures would easily identify the different plants. 

As applied to the figures for the separate plants, the terms "most 
profitable" and "least profitable" year refer to such years at the 
respective plants. At five of the plants the most profitable year was 
1909, at one it was 1910; at five of the plants the least profitable year 
was 1913, at one it was 1914. 

Table 3. — Percentage of Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense and Profit, 
Based on Net Sales and on Total Cost, by Separate Plants, for the Most 
Profitable Year. 





Plant No. 1. 


Plant No. 2. 


Plant No. 3. 


Items. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 




41.75 
26.44 


55. 7S 
35.32 


37.63 

29.04 

.73 

1.33 

.09 

.34 

1.66 

1.10 


52.32 

40.37 

1.02 

1.84 

.13 

.47 

2.31 

1.54 


37.20 

43.34 

.56 

3.86 

.11 

1.11 

.94 

2.14 


41.71 




48.53 




.63 




1.48 
.14 
.94 
2.41 
1.63 
.05 


1.98 

.19 
1.25 
3.22 
2.18 

.08 


4.32 




. 13 




1.21 




1.05 




2.39 


















74. S4 
100. 00 


100. 00 


71.92 
100. 00 


100. 00 


89.32 
100. 00 


100. 00 
















25.16 

3. SO 
.29 




28.08 

2.57 
.07 




10. 6S 

2.51 
.74 




Interest, dividends on outside investments, 
























Total 


29.25 
.16 




30.72 
.11 




13.93 
.63 




Less interest and miscellaneous payments. 
















29.09 




30.61 




13.30 















Plant No. 4. 


Plant No. 5. 


Plant No. 6. 


Items. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 




36.67 
16.60 
1.02 
2.51 

.08 

.96 

1.9S 

2.87 


58.49 
26.47 
1.62 
4.00 
.13 
1.55 
3.16 
4.58 


36.43 

28.39 
.23 


50.56 

39.40 

.32 


31.14 

32. SS 

1.62 


42.98 




45.38 




2.24 








.14 
2.09 
3.10 

1.68 


.19 
2.90 
4.29 
2.34 


.06 

.60 

3.50 

1.80 

.85 


.08 




.S3 




4.83 




2.48 




1. IS 
















62.69 
100. 00 


100. 00 


72.06 
100. 00 


100. 00 


72.45 
100. 00 


100. 00 
















37.31 

1.47 
29 




27.94 
4. IS 




27.55 

3.32 
1.30 




Interest, dividends on outside investments, 
























Total 


39.07 




32. 12 
2.75 




32.17 
2.03 
























39.07 




29.37 




30.14 













20 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEEY INDUSTRY. 

It should be borne in mind that these are the six plants making 
up the three firms studied, that gome of these plants make complete 
lines of machinery, and that others are highly developed specialty 
shops making a few, and in one case only one kind of machines. It 
is somewhat unsafe to make too fine a comparison between these 
plants, for in many cases the conditions are very different. 

The most profitable plant shown in this table had a final profit of 
.39.07 per cent of sales, and the least profitable 13.30 per cent; the 
other four plants were making very nearly the same percentage of 
profit, 29.09, 29.37, 30.14, 30.61, respectively. 

It is very interesting to note that with the exception of the high 
and the low plant the percentages of the items of cost on the net-sales 
basis vary little among the remaining four plants, showing that 
though some are specialty shops and others are making full lines of 
machinery, and though the manufacturing methods and local condi- 
tions may vary, they are obtaining practically the same results. 

The greatest range is that of pay roll, from 16.60 to 43.34. This 
difference is partly accounted for by the fact that the plant with the 
low pay-roll figures purchased the majority of its castings, which 
would decrease the pay roll and increase the material account. 

LEAST PROFITABLE YEAR. 

Table 4 shows the items of cost for the six plants for the least 
profitable year, on a percentage basis. Plant No. 3 shows a loss of 
17.42 per cent of net sales for the final profit, and plant No. 4 shows 
a profit of 34.68 per cent. The remaining four plants show profits, 
but of varying amounts, contrary to the preceding table, where their 
percentages of profit were so nearly alike. The final profits in this 
table for the four remaining plants were 0.37, 6.71, 7.17, and 19.13 
per cent of the net sales, respectively. 

This difference is to a great extent accounted for by the conditions 
governing sales during a dull year. During prosperous years the 
plants are all running at capacity, prices are firm and are on the same 
level from plant to plant. During dull years the conditions are very 
different, sharp competition is the rule, and prices vary greatly. 
Some of the plants secure more business than others or are more 
fortunate in obtaining better prices, hence the variation in percentage 
of profit. 



COST OF PEODUCTION. 



21 



Table 4. — Percentage of Cost op Each Specified Item op Expense and Profit, 
Based on Net Sales and on Total Cost, by Separate Plants, for the Least 
Profitable Year. 





Plant No. 1. 


Plant No. 2. 


Plant No. 3. 


Items. 


Per cent 
of net 

sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 




48.92 
38. 59 


49.25 
38.85 


41.17 

41. 08 

.10 

1.27 

.21 

1.48 

3.97 

2.79 


44.71 

44.62 

.11 

1.38 

.23 

1.01 

4.31 

3.03 


40.86 
62.89 


34. 87 




53. 66 








2.01 

.46 

2.54 

3.99 

2.82 


2.03 

.46 

2.56 

4.01 

2.84 


3.82 
.46 
1.97 
4.18 
3.00 


3.26 




.40 


Taxes 


1.69 




3.57 




2.55 






















99.33 
100. 00 


100. 00 


92.07 
100.00 


100. 00 


117. IS 
100. 00 


100.00 
















.67 

2.16 
.63 




7.93 

2.20 
.14 




a 17. 18 

1.76 
.91 




Interest, dividends on outside invest- 
























Total 


3.46 
3.09 




10.27 
3.10 




a 14. 51 
2.91 






















.37 




7.17 




a 17. 42 















Plant No. 4. 


Plant No. 5. 


Plant No. 6. 


Items. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 

sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 




33. 62 

24.33 

.07 

.46 

.28 

.93 

3.53 

1.92 


51.60 

37.35 

.11 

.71 

.44 

1.42 

5.42 

2.95 


46.70 

29.94 

.54 


52.85 

33.89 

.61 


32.89 

49.25 

1.13 


33 99 




50 90 




1 17 








.29 
2.39 
5.59 
2.91 


.33 
2.71 
6.33 
3.28 


.17 
1.67 
6.07 
3.54 
2.04 


18 




1 72 




6 27 




3 66 




2.11 














Total cost 


65. 14 
100. 00 


100. 00 


88.36 
100. 00 


100.00 


96.76 
100. 00 


100 00 














Manufacturing profit 


34.86 
3.49 




11.64 
8.51 




3.24 

4.45 
2.58 




Interest, dividends on outside invest- 
ments, etc., received 




























Total 


38.35 
3.67 




20.15 
1.02 




10.27 
3.56 




Less interest and miscellaneous payments . 














Final profit 


34.68 




19.13 




6.71 













a Loss. 



Taxes, which in the most prosperous year were less than 1 per 
cent of sales at four of the plants, during the least prosperous year 
were more than 1 per cent in all but one of the plants, two plants 
having had taxes over 2 per cent of sales. Insurance was at all 
plants less than one-half of 1 per cent during the most as well as 
the least profitable year, being as low as 0.17 at plant No. 6 in the 
least profitable year and 0.06 at the same plant in the most profit- 
able year. 



22 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 
AVERAGE YEAR. 



Table 5 shows the average yearly figures of each of the six plants 
on a percentage basis. 

Table 5. — Percentage of Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense and Profit, 
Based on Net Sales and on Total Cost, by Separate Plants, for the 
Average Year. 





Plant No. 1. 


Plant No. 2. 


Plant No. 3. 


Items. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Percent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 




42.36 
29.66 


52.99 
37.10 


38.40 

33.89 

1.31 

1.39 

.08 

.59 

2.43 

1.60 

.05 


48.16 

42. 51 

1.65 

1.74 

.09 

.74 

3.04 

2.01 

.06 


42.77 

42.30 

.69 

3.98 

.19 

1.27 

1.98 

2.60 


44. 65 




44.17 




.72 




1.84 
.10 
.90 
3.06 
2.00 
.03 


2.30 
.12 
1.12 
3.83 
2.50 
.04 


4.16 




.20 




1.32 




2.07 




2.71 














79. 95 
100. 00 


100. 00 


79.74 
100. 00 


100. 00 


95. 7S 
100. 00 


100. 00 
















20.05 
.14 

3.23 




20.26 
.09 

2.45 




4.22 

.28 

2.56 












Interest, dividends on outside investments, 
















Total 


23.42 
1.09 




22.80 
.96 




7.06 
1.71 




Less interest and miscellaneous payments. . 
















22.33 




21.84 




5.35 














Plant 


No. 4. 


Plant 


No. 5. 


Plant No. 6. 


Items. 


Per cent 
of net 

sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Per cent 

of total 

cost. 


Per cent 
of net 
sales. 


Percent 
of total 
cost. 




37.82 
17.89 
1.19 
2.47 

.12 
.77 

2. 2.". 

3.31 
.07 


57.40 

27.15 

1.81 

3.75 

.IS 

1.17 

3.41 

5.02 

.11 


38.64 

29.08 

.51 


50.44 

37.97 

.67 


31.10 

3S. 10 

1.80 


38.79 




47.52 




2.24 








.18 
2.01 
3.99 
2.19 


.23 
2.62 
5.20 

2.87 


.09 

.95 

4.65 

2.21 

1.28 


.12 




Lis 




5.80 




2.76 




1.59 












65.89 
100. 00 


100. 00 


76.60 
100. 00 


100. 00 


SO. IS 
100. 00 


100. 00 
















34.11 
.25 

1.41 




23.40 




19. S2 
2.15 

3.00 












Interest, dividends on outside investments, 




5.46 














Total 


35.77 
.61 




28. 86 

2.75 




24.97 
2.69 




Less interest and miscellaneous payments. . 















Final profit 


35.16 




26.11 




22. 2S 













COST OF PRODUCTION, 



23 



RECAPITULATION FOR EACH PLANT FOR MOST PROFITABLE, LEAST 
PROFITABLE, AND AVERAGE YEARS. 

In Table 6 are recapitulated the final profits on net sales in each 
plant for the most profitable, the least profitable, and the average 
year: 

Table 6. — Final Profit of the Six Plants for the Most Profitable Year, the 
Least Profitable Year, and the Average Year, by Percentages Based 
on Net Sales. 



riants. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
year. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
year. 


Average 
year. 


Plants. 


Most 
profit- 
able 

year. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
year. 


Average 
year. 


No. 1 


29.09 
30.61 
13.30 


0.37 

7.17 

"17. 42 


22.33 
21.84 
5.35 


No. 4 


39.07 
29.37 
30.14 


34.68 
19.13 
6.71 


35.16 


No. 2 


No. 5 


26.11 


No. 3 


No. 6 


22 28 









"Loss. 

It will be noticed in the foregoing tables that plant No. 3 at all 
times shows the lowest percentage of final profit and that plant No. 4 
shows the highest. Plant No. 3 is the only plant that shows a loss 
at any period. The other four plants make approximately the same 
percentage for the most profitable year and vary only slightly for the 
average year. 

LABOR COST. 

Table 7 gives a summary of the percentage of labor cost (pay roll) 
based on total cost in each plant during each of the three periods: 

Table 7. — Pay Roll of the Six Plants for the Most Profitable Year, the 
Least Profitable Year, and the Average Year, by Percentages Based 
on Total Cost. 



Plants. 


Most 
profit- 
able year. 


Least 
profit- 
able year. 


Average 
year. 


Plants. 


Most 
profit- 
able year. 


Least 
profit- 
able year. 


Average 
year. 


No.l 


35.32 
40.37 
48.53 


38.85 
44.62 
53.66 


37.10 

42.51 
44.17 


No. 4 


26.47 
39.40 
45.38 


37.35 
33. S9 
50.90 


27.15 


No. 2 


No. 5... 


37 97 


No. 3 


No. 6... 


47 52 









Basing the percentage figures of cost items on total cost gives a 
clearer comparison than using the net sales basis. Total cost is not 
affected by changes in selling price while net sales are. 

Some manufacturers have been under the impression that during 
dull years the percentage of labor cost increased very greatly because 
it was necessary to retain the more skilled men who were receiving 
the higher rates. Using net sales as the basis of the percentage 
figures and taking just a superficial view, such would be the deduc- 
tion. Using total cost as the base and remembering the effect of 
reduced prices upon net sales, we find that though the least profit- 
able year at most plants shows a greater percentage for labor cost, the 
greatest difference between the most profitable and the least profit- 
able year was at plant No. 4, where it was 10.88 per cent greater in 



24 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



the least profitable year. This is not entirely reflected in the final 
profits of this plant, however, wjiich were 39.07 per cent, based on 
net sales for the most profitable year and 34.68 per cent for the least 
profitable year. The other plants showed increases from 3.53 to 
5.52 per cent of total cost, while one plant showed a decrease of 5.51 
per cent in the least profitable as compared with the most profitable 
year. 

A detailed analysis of the pay roll at two pay periods is given in 
Table 8 for one firm making a complete line of cotton-spinning 
machinery. 



Table 8. 



-Pay-Roll Distribution op one Firm Making a Complete Line of 
Cotton-Spinning Machinery. 



Items. 



Jan. 11, 
1913. 



Julv 19, 
1913. 



INDIRECT LABOR 

Office 

Drafting room 

Foremen 

Tool room 

Yard 

Pattern and tool makers 

Engineers, electricians, etc 

Repairs 

Foundry 

Total 

DIRECT LABOR. 

Foundry 

Machine shop 

Erecting at mill 

Total 

Grand total 



Per cent. 
1.69 
1.01 
1.97 
1.69 
4.80 
1.19 
.81 
2.40 
1.37 



Per cent. 
2.54 
1.38 
2.66 
3.22 
4.56 
1.50 
1.16 
2.17 
.90 



16.93 



20.84 

59.40 

2.83 



83.07 



100.00 



20.09 



18.45 

58.06 

3.40 



79.91 



100.00 



This table gives some idea of the pay-roll distribution at the several 
plants. It can be considered as typical of the industry as a whole 
for the year 1913, which was the dull period. 

MOST PROFITABLE AND LEAST PROFITABLE PLANTS. 

Table 9 shows items of cost for the most profitable and the least 
profitable plants for the most profitable year, on a percentage basis. 
Too fine a comparison should not be made as the manufacturing condi- 
tions are very different. At the same time it is well to remember 
that both are making cotton machinery and the conditions have been 
to a great extent controlled by the administrative policies developed. 

At this point it may be well to note that, according to the pre- 
ceding tables, there is ordinarily little difference between the per- 
centage of profit made by a highly developed specialty shop and a 
well-managed plant making- a complete line of machinery. The final 
profit for the first plant is 39.07 per cent of net sales and for the 
second, 13.30 per cent. The greatest difference in the items of cost 
is between the percentages for pay roll, the first having 16.60 and 
the second 43.34 per cent on a net sales basis, or 26.47 and 48.53, 
respectively, on a total cost basis. This difference is partially 
accounted for by the fact that the first plant purchased many of its 



COST OF PRODUCTION. 



25 



castings. There is no other great difference in the percentages on 
the net sales basis. The difference in labor cost is practically the 
same as the difference in manufacturing profit. 

Table 9. — Percentage op Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense and Profit, 
Based on Net Sales and on Total Cost, for the Most Profitable Plant and 
the Least Profitable Plant During the Most Profitable Year. 





Percentage on net 
sales. 


Percentage on total 
cost. 


Items. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
plant. 




36.67 

16.60 

1.02 

2.51 

.08 

.96 

1.98 

2.87 


37.26 

43.34 

.56 

3.86 

.11 

1.11 

.94 

2.14 


58.49 
26.47 
1.62 
4.00 
.13 
1.55 
3.16 
4.58 


41.71 




48.53 




.63 




4.32 




.13 




1.24 




1.05 




2.39 


















02.69 
100. 00 


89.32 
100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 














37.31 

1.47 

.29 


10.68 

2.51 

.74 
























Total 


39.07 


13.93 
.63 
















39.07 


13.30 









Table 10 shows the most profitable and the least profitable plant 
for the least profitable year, on a percentage basis. 

The first plant shows a final profit of 34.68 per cent on a net sales 
basis, while the second shows a loss of 17.42 per cent. As in the pre- 
ceding table, showing the same plants for the most prosperous year, 
the difference in pay roll is the only great difference in the items of 
costs. Pay roll at the first plant is 24.33 and at the second 62.89 per 
cent on a net sales basis, which represents the greater part of the 
difference between the final profits. 



26 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



Table 10. — Percentage of Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense and Profit 
or Loss, Based on Net Sales and on Total Cost, for the Most Profitable 
Plant and the Least Profitable Plant for the Least Profitable Year. 





Percentage on net 

sales. 


Percentage on total 
cost. 


Items. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
plant. 




33.62 

24.33 

.07 

.46 

.28 

.93 

3.53 

1.92 




40.86 
62.89 


51.60 

37.35 

.11 

.71 

.44 

1.42 

5.42 

2.95 


34.87 




53.66 








3.82 
.46 
1.97 
4.18 
3.00 


3.26 




.40 




1.69 




3.57 


Administrative expense 


2.55 














65. 14 
100. 00 


117.18 
' 100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 








Manufacturing profit 


34.86 
3.49 


a 17. 18 

1.76 

.91 
























Total .... 


38.35 
3.67 


a 14. 51 
2.91 






Less interest and miscellaneous payments 












34.68 


a 17. 42 













a LOSS. 

Table 11 shows the most profitable and the least profitable plant, 
for an average yearly period, on a percentage basis. The first plant 
shows a final profit of 35.16 and the second 5.35 per cent on a net 
sales basis. The greatest difference in this, as in the two preceding 
tables showing the most and the least profitable years, is between 
the percentages for pay roll. The first plant shows pay roll as 
17.89 and the second 42.30 per cent on a net sales basis, and 27.15 
and 44.17 per cent on a total cost basis. 

Table 11. — Percentage of Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense and Profit, 
Based on Net Sales and on Total Cost, for the Most Profitable Plant and 
the Least Profitable Plant for the Average Y'ear. 





Percentage on net 
sales. 


Percentage on total 
cost. 


Items. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Most 
profit- 
able 
plant. 


Least 
profit- 
able 
plant. 




37.82 

17.89 

1.19 

2.47 

.12 

.77 

2.25 

3.31 

.07 


42.77 

42.30 

.69 

3.98" 

.19 

1.27 

1.98 

2.60 


57. 40 

27.15 

1.S1 

3.75 

.18 

1.17 

3.41 

5.02 

.11 




























Administrative expense 


2 71 














65.89 

100. 00 


95.78 
100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 












34.11 
1.41 
.25 


4 *>? 

2.ob 

.28 






Interest and dividends on outside investments, etc., received .. 




Other miscellaneous receipts 












Total 


35.77 
.61 


7.06 
1.71 






Less interest and miscellaneous pavments 















35.16 


5.35 













COST OF PRODUCTION. 



27 



Table 12 summarizes the final profits as shown in the preceding 
tables. 

Table 12. — The Final Profit of the Most Profitable and the Least Profit- 
able Plants for the Most Profitable Year, the Least Profitable Year, 
and the Average Year, by Percentages Based on Net Sales. 



Plants. 



Most 
profitable 



Least 

profitable 

year. 



Most profitable. 

Loan profitable. 



39.07 
13.30 



34.08 
a 17. 42 



35.16 
5.35 



a LOSS. 

It is interesting to note that the most profitable plant varied but 
little in the percentage of final profit from the most profitable to the 
least profitable year, while the least profitable plant varied from a 
profit of 13.30 per cent to a loss of 17.42 percent. 

The table which follows summarizes the pay roll in the same way 
on the basis of total cost. 

Tablf. 13. — Pay Roll of the Most Profitable and the Least Profitable Plants 
for the Most Profitable Year, the Least Profitable Year, and the Aver- 
age Year, by Percentages Based on Total Cost. 



Plants. 



Most 

profitable 

year. 



Least 
profitable 

year. 



Average 
year. 



Most profitable . 
Least profitable. 



26.47 
48.53 



37.35 
53.66 



27.15 
44.17 



This table shows that the most profitable plant has a lower per cent 
for pay roll than the least profitable plant, and that this difference 
is so great that the larger part of the difference in profits can be 
directly traced to this source, even allowing for the fact that the 
most profitable plant purchased many of its castings. 



RECAPITULATION FOR ALL PLANTS FOR NINE-YEAR PERIOD. 

Table 14 gives a comprehensive view of the industry for the entire 
period from 1906 to 1914, showing the combined figures of the three 
firms which make 80 to 90 per cent of the cotton-spinning machinery 
manufactured in this country. Some of the plants closed their 
books January 1. It was easy to put their figures in the proper 
yearly column, but in other plants books were closed April 1 . In such 
cases the year ending April 1 was put under the preceding calendar 
year, to which, of course, the larger part of the fiscal year belonged. 
For certain years the figures of some plants covered several months, 
more or less, than the regular yearly period. These figures were 
decreased or increased, as the case demanded, to bring them to the 
proper yearly basis. For the year 1914 four plants were raised from 
six months to a year by doubling the figures. 

This table is not given to show the actual figures over the nine- 
year period, but to give an indication of conditions from year to 



28 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



year, which it does very satisfactorily. The only change made that 
could materially affect the figures is the above-mentioned change for 
the year 1914. 

Table 14. — Specified Items of Expense and Profit for the Three Firms 
Combined, for Each Year from 1906 to 1914. 



Items. 



1906 



1910 



Materials used 

Pay roll (salaries and wages) 

Royalties 

Repairs 

Insurance 

Taxes 

Selling expense 

Administrative expense 

Miscellaneous 

Total cost 

Net sales 

Manufacturing profit 

Interest, dividends on outside investments 

etc., received 

Other miscellaneous receipts 

Total 

Less interest and miscellaneous payments. 

Final profit ; 



$4,337,403 

3,183,224 

224,592 

181,793 

7,888 

73, 262 

373, 550 

161,233 

29, 778 



$4, 307, 303 
3,617,016 
171,437 
180, 062 
10, 278 
85, 427 
279, 454 
197, 397 
37,923 



$3,550,922 

2,834,989 

99,217 

137, 709 

7,236 

104,360 

301,080 

180, 878 

29, 179 



$4,698,743 

4, 186, 749 

105, 762 

163, 591 

12, 822 

118,640 

331,987 

231,717 

42, 697 



8,572,723 
10,845,818 



8, 886, 297 
11,513,044 



7,245,570 
8, 622, 966 



9, 892, 708 
12, 837, 892 



2, 273, 095 

200, 747 
119,053 



2, 626, 747 

259, 126 
124,995 



1,377,396 

342, 596 
111,714 



2, 945, 184 

378, 421 
92, 703 



2,592,895 
223, 654 



3, 010, 868 
254,063 



1,831,706 
167,513 



3,416,308 
201, 09S 



2,369,241 



2, 756, 805 



1,664,193 



3, 215, 210 



14,512,587 
1,063,479 

95, 382 
127,585 

10, 871 

94, 741 
339, 646 
243, 728 

39, 106 



9, 527, 125 
12, 803, 814 



3,276,689 

377, 115 
79, 280 



3, 733, 084 
177,505 



3,555,579 



Items. 



1914 



Materials used 

Pay roll (salaries and wages) 

Royalties 

Repairs 

Insurance 

Taxes 

Selling expense 

Administrative expense 

Miscellaneous 

Total cost 

Net sales 

Manufacturing profit 

Interest, dividends on outside investments, etc 

received 

Other miscellaneous receipts 

Total 

Less interest and miscellaneous payments 

Final profit 



$2, 925, 760 
3, 023, 140 
83,299 
102, 689 
8,026 
121,354 
340,827 
225, 183 
48, 598 



$3,356,254 

3,508,113 

70, 469 

104,946 

12, 172 

103, 860 

332, 957 

255, 523 

57, 128 



$2,838,943 

3,391,081 

36, 583 

83, 655 

21,932 

135, 874 

368, 893 

229, 153 

52,362 



6,878,876 
8,848,787 



7,801,422 
8, 784, 222 



7, 158, 476 
7, 440, 916 



1,969,911 

298, 158 
77, 142 



256, 007 
86, 014 



282, 440 

275, 646 
84, 776 



2,345,211 
144, 874 



1,324,821 

181,212 



642, 862 
224,668 



2,200,337 



1,140,609 



418,194 



$2, 455, 324 
3,171,198 
29, 187 
62,382 
22, 623 
143, 875 
333,507 
210, 330 
39, 400 



6, 470, 826 
6,988,178 



517,352 



296, 572 
82, 966 



210, 885 



6S6, 005 



NET SALES. 



From the figures for net sales it appears that in each of the years 
1906 and 1907 over $10,000,000 worth of machinery was sold. Then 
the net sales dropped off to $8,622,966 for 1908, while in both 1909 
and 1910 the} T showed an increase to more than $12,800,000. The 
years 1911 and 1912 showed net sales of practically the same as 1908 
with $8,848,787 and $8,784,222, respectively. The year 1913 shows a 
decline, with net sales at $7,440,916, and 1914 shows only $6,988,178. 

The years 1909 and 1910 show the highest final profit, with a 
steady decline from those years to 1913, after which there was an 
increase over 1913. 



COST OF PKODUCTION". 



29 



The decline of profits during recent years is perhaps due more to 
lower selling prices than to the decreased volume of sales. The 
years 1911 and 1912 are good examples of this. Net sales for 1911 
were $8,848,787, with a final profit ol $2,200,337, while 1912 had net 
sales of $8,784,222 and a final profit of only $1,140,609, approxi- 
mately one-half of the profit for the preceding year. Materials used 
for 1911 were $2,925,760 and for 1912, $3,356,254. It is an acknowl- 
edged fact that the cost of materials did not change to any marked 
extent at this time. Therefore more machinery must have been 
manufactured in 1912 than in 1911, the prices, however, materially 
declining with a corresponding reduction in net sales. 

A convenient method of estimating changes in price is used by one 
of the plants. Constant prices for the various machines are assumed 
for the whole period, and these are applied to the number of machines 
of each kind sold annually. The result shows for each what the net 
proceeds would have been if the assumed prices had been in force, 
and comparison of the result so calculated with the actual net sales 
indicates whether actual prices are on the whole higher or lower than 
the average. The returns for the one plant (Table 15), which are 
doubtless typical for the whole industry, disclose a rise in price from 
1904 to 1907, and then, except for a slight upward movement in 1910 
and 1913, a continuous fall in price to 1914. 

Table 15. — Variations in Price of New Machinery Sold by One Plant, 1904 

to 1914. 

[100= constant prices on which the comparison is based.] 



Years. 


Relative 
price. 


Years. 


Relative 
price. 




86.25 
94.67 
104. 24 
112. 81 
110. 74 
99.51 


1910 


99.58 


1905 


1911 


99.29 




1912 


85.53 


1907 


1913 


87.68 


1908 


1914 


81.06 


1909 











Using these percentages to explain the decrease in final profit for 
the year 1912, we find in the preceding table that the selling prices 
were on a basis of 99.29 per cent of the constant value for the year 
1911 and on a basis of 85.53 per cent for the year 1912. 

Table 16. — Net Sales on Constant Valuation Basis for the Years 1911 and 

1912. 



Years. 


Net sales. 


Per cent. 


Constant 
valuation. 


1911 


$8, 848, 787 
8, 784, 222 


99.29 
85.53 


$8,912,062 


1912 


10,027,022 







It appears from the above figures that the production of machinery 
m 1912 was $1,114,960 more on the constant valuation basis than in 
1911. This machinery actually sold, however, for $64,565 less than 
the smaller amount produced during 1911. The final profit for 1912 



30 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



was $1,059,728 less than for 1911, practically the exact difference in 
selling price after allowing for the fact that the sales basis in 1911 
was a fraction of 1 per cent befow the standard valuation. 



COSTS. 

Table 17 gives the combined cost figures of the three firms for the 
period 1906 to 1914 by percentages based on net sales. 

Table 17. — Percentage of Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense and 
Profit, Based on Net Sales for the Three Firms Combined, for Each 
Year From 1906 to 1914. 



Items. 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 




39.99 

29.35 

2.07 

1.68 

.07 

.68 

3.44 

1.49 

.27 


37.41 

31.42 

1.49 

1.56 

.09 

.74 

2.43 

1.72 

.33 


41.18 
32.88 
1.15 
1.60 
.08 
1.21 
3.49 
2.10 
.34 


36.60 

32.61 

.82 

1.28 

.10 

.92 

2.59 

1.81 

.33 


35.24 

31.74 

. 75 

1.00 

.09 

.74 

2.65 

1.90 

.30 


33.06 

34.17 

.94 

1.16 

.09 

1.37 

3.85 

2.55 

.55 


38.21 

39.94 

.SO 

1.20 

.14 

1.18 

3.79 

2.90 

.65 


38.15 

45.57 

.49 

1.12 

.30 

1.83 

4.96 

3.08 

.70 


35.14 


Pay roll (salaries and wages). 


45.42 
.42 




.89 




.32 




2.06 




4.78 


Administrative expense 


3.01 
.56 








79.04 
100. 00 


77.19 
100. 00 


84.03 
100. 00 


77.06 
100. 00 


74.41 
100. 00 


77.74 
100. 00 


88.81 
100. 00 


96.20 
100. 00 


92.60 




100. 00 






Manufacturing profit 

Interest and dividends on 
outside investments, etc., 


20.96 

1.85 
1.09 


22.81 

2.25 
1.09 


15.97 

3.97 
1.30 


22.94 

2.95 
.72 


25.59 

2.94 
.62 


22.26 

3.37 

.87 


11.19 

2.92 

.97 


3.80 

3.70 
1.14 


7.40 
4.24 


Other miscellaneous receipts. 


1.19 


Total 


23 90 
2.06 


26.15 
2.20 


21.24 
1.94 


26.61 
1.57 


29.15 
1.38 


26.50 
1.63 


15.08 
2.10 


8.64 
3.02 


12.83 


Less interest and miscellane- 


3.01 








21.84 


23.95 


19.30 


25.04 


27.77 


24. S7 


12.98 


5.62 


9.82 







Table 18 gives items of cost for the three firms by percentages 
based on a total cost. A better comparison is obtained from percent- 
ages based on total cost than from those based on net sales, because of 
the fluctuations of selling prices. This table shows that the percentage 
for materials has gradually declined, while the percentage for pay roll 
has gradually increased. The decline in materials has been 12.65 per 
cent of total cost and the increase of pay roll 11.92 per cent. 

This change in proportionate costs represents a natural desire on 
the part of all manufacturers to purchase as little manufactured or 
semimanufactured stock as possible and to manufacture as many 
parts in their own plants as their facilities permit. From time to 
time they have added to their facilities and increased in proportion 
the number of parts they manufacture. A typical example of this 
is one large plant which formerly purchased many of its spindles and 
spinning rings and all of its fliers, but at present makes them all at its 
own plant. This naturally decreases the percentage for materials 
and increases the percentage for pay roll. 



COST OF PRODUCTION. 



31 



Table 18. — Percentage of Cost of Each Specified Item of Expense, Based on 
Total Cost, for the Three Firms Combined, for Each Year from 190G to 
1914. 



1906 



1907 



190S 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


49.01 


47.50 


47.37 


42.53 


43.02 


39.66 


39.13 


42.32 


42.65 


43.95 


44.97 


47.37 


1.37 


1.07 


1.00 


1.21 


.90 


.51 


1.90 


1.65 


1.34 


1.49 


1.35 


1.17 


.10 


.13 


.11 


.12 


.16 


.31 


1.44 


1.20 


.99 


1.76 


1.33 


1.90 


4.16 


3.36 


3.57 


4.96 


4.27 


5.15 


2. 49 


2.34 


2.56 


3.27 


3.27 


3.20 


.40 


.43 


.41 


.71 


.73 


.73 


100.00 


100.00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 


100. 00 



Materials used 

Fay roll (salaries and wages) 

Royalties 

Repairs 

Insurance 

Taxes 

Administrative expense 

Selling expense 

Miscellaneous 

Total cost 



50. 60 
37.13 
2.62 
2.12 

.09 

.86 

4.36 

l.ss 

.34 



100. 00 



48.47 

40.70 

1.93 

2.03 

.12 

.96 

3.15 

2.22 

.42 



100. 00 



37.95 

49.05 

.45 

.96 

.35 

2.22 

5.16 

3.25 

.61 



100.00 



LABOR COST OF TWO STANDARD UNITS. 

Though the wage rates in this industry have increased, it is doubtful 
whether the unit cost of labor has increased. More efficient manu- 
facturing methods, the use of automatic machines, etc., have prob- 
ably more than offset any increase in wages. 

A good example of this is the cost of labor for each of two standard 
units of production, as ascertained from the books of one plant, as 
follows : 



Table 19. 



-Labor Cost at One Plant of Each of Two Standard Units, and 
Number Produced. 





First standard unit. 


Second standard unit. 


Years. 


Labor cost 
per unit. 


Units man- 
ufactured. 


Labor cost 
per unit. 


Units man- 
ufactured. 


1905 


$10. 83 
8.S7 
11.35 
7.90 
9.96 
9.96 


1,814 
2, 148 
1,431 
4,245 
2,024 
1,751 


$84. 50 
83. 68 

100.11 
85.23 
97.65 
90.88 


1,586 
1,602 


190 i 


1908 


1,200 


1910 


2,463 
1,170 


1913 


1914 


1,105 







As these figures for labor cost are obtained by dividing the total 
labor cost of each department by the number of units produced they 
are materially affected by the fluctuation in production. The table 
shows that the labor cost for the first unit is less for the year 1914 
than for 1905, though the production during 1914 was slightly less 
than during 1905. This would indicate that the advance in wage 
rates has not increased the actual labor cost on this unit. Comparing 
the labor cost of the second unit for the same years we find that it is 
higher for 1914 than for 1905, but that for 1914 the production was 
materially less than for 1905 which would materially increase the 
labor cost per unit as shown in the table. If, however, 1914 is com- 
pared with 1908, two years when the volume of production was more 
nearly equal, we find that the labor cost per unit for 1914 was decid- 
edly less than for 1908. 



32 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEKY INDUSTRY. 



ASSETS AND LIABILITIES. 



Table 20 shows the combined assets and liabilities of the three 
firms considered in this report. These figures were obtained from the 
annual asset and liability sheets made up by the several firms from 
year to year, and are the figures at which these items were carried on 
their books. Two of these three firms expressed themselves as being 
satisfied with the valuation as taken from their books, while the 
third stated that they considered that the figures shown by their 
books were too low. 

One of the most interesting items shown by this table is mill stocks 
and bonds, which is $993,012 in 1906 and has increased to $2,235,343 
in 1914. These have been taken as part payment or payment in full 
for machinery. The amount on hand at any time, however, does not 
represent the amount of such securities that has been actually 
accepted, some having been sold and others disbursed as dividends. 

Buildings and machinery have increased slightly over $1,800,000 
during the period; inventory slightly over $500,000; and bills 
receivable have decreased $1,163,341. Capital stock (common) has 
increased from $3,035,745 to $3,550,000, while preferred stock has 
increased from $400,000 to $3,650,000, or $3,250,000; surplus from 
$3,555,046 to $5,995,945; reserve accounts (all) have decreased from 
$1,999,960 to $166,729; bills payable have decreased $849,847; and 
bonds in 1906 were $974,899, while in 1914 this item was nothing. 
The total assets and liabilities were highest in 1910, one of the best 
years, and lowest in 1906 when business was not nearly as good. 



Table 20. — Combined Items op Assets and Liabilities for Nine Years, op 
the Three Firms Manufacturing Between 80 and 90 per cent of the 
Production of Cotton-Spinning Machinery of the United States, 1906 
to 1914. 



Items. 



ASSETS. 

Buildings and machinery . . 

Inventory 

Bills receivable 

Mill stocks and bonds 

Cash on hand and in banks 

Tenements 

Miscellaneous 

Total assets 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital stock, common 

Capital stock, preferred — 

Surplus 

Reserve accounts (all) 

Bills payable 

Bonds 

Miscellaneous 

Total liabilities 



$4,163,764 
1, 549, 145 
4,929,340 
993, 012 
396,045 
557, 721 
503,088 



13,092,115 



3,035,745 

400, 000 

3,555,046 

1,999,960 

3, 105, 077 

974, 899 

21,388 



13,092,115 



$4,573,407 

1,970,742 

5,657,142 

1,097,156 

343,529 

678,633 

505,523 



14,826,132 



3,035,745 

400,000 

4,626,113 

2,664,150 

3,051,759 

974,899 

73,466 



14,826,132 



1908 



$4,869,573 
1,891,987 
4,847,580 
1,521,618 
1,103,544 
722, 638 
495,951 



15, 452, 891 



3,035,745 

400,000 

5,885,487 

3,009,573 

2,119,350 

974, 899 

27,837 



15,452,891 



1909 



$5,309,972 
1,983,64,8 
5,254,834 
1,781,004 
1,085,894 
753,571 
485,323 



16,654,246 



3, 035, 745 

400,000 

6,913,913 

3,301,900 

1,999,774 

974,899 

28, 015 



16, 654, 246 



1910 



$5,644,973 
2,035,387 
5,105,924 
2,069,596 
2, 194, 139 
8S0,835 
487, 709 



18,418,533 



3,035,745 

400,000 

8,811,270 

3, 403, 882 

1,705,021 

974,899 

87,716 



18,418,533 



COST OF PRODUCTION. 



33 



Table 20.— Combined Items op Assets and Liabilities for Nine Years, ok 
the Three Firms Manufacturing Between 80 and 90 per cent of the 
Production of Cotton-Spinning Machinery of the United States, 1906 
to 1914 — Continued. 



Items. 



1911 



1912 



Average. 



ASSETS. 

Buildings and machinery. . . 

Inventory 

Bills receivable 

Mill stocks and bonds 

Cash on hand and in banks . 

Tenements 

Miscellaneous 



Total assets. 



LIABILITIES. 



Capital stock, common. 
Capital-stock, preferred. 

Surplus 

Reserve accounts (all) . . 

Bills payable 

Bonds 

Miscellaneous 



Total liabilities. 



$4,642,591 
1,871,756 
4,640,726 
2,231,539 
1,439,547 
909,418 
469,349 



$5,429,660 
2,541,223 
4,426,099 
3,101,682 
553, 713 
1,053,071 
101,067 



$5,979,991 

2,454,912 

3.829,117 

2,572,485 

647, 173 

892,939 

86,395 



$5, 980, 008 

2,060,089 

3,765,999 

2,235,343 

632,591 

900,000 

61,223 



$5, 177, 105 

2,039,876 

4,717,418 

1,955,934 

932,908 

816,536 

355,070 



16,204,926 



17,206,515 



16,463,012 



15,635,253 



15,994,847 



3, 835, 745 



9,262,256 

897,554 

2,156,856 

38,577 
13,938 



3,800,000 
3,650,000 
6,858,185 
362, 046 
2,530,200 



3,550,000 
3,650,000 
5,910,944 
635, 117 
2, 709, 180 



3,550,000 
3,650,000 
5,995,945 
166,729 
2,255,230 



6,084 



7.771 



17,349 



3,323,830 

1,438,889 
6,424,351 
1,826,768 
2,403,605 
545, 897 
31,507 



16,204,926 



17,206,515 



16,463,012 



15,635,253 



15,994,847 



PROFITS. 

In the foregoing chapters, treating the items of establishment 
receipts and disbursements, each plant has been considered as a 
separate unit. When discussing profits it is necessary, however, that 
the firm rather than the plant be used as the unit. Two of the firms 
studied have each only one plant, the third has four plants. The 
impossibility of apportioning accurately the different items of assets 
and liabilities prohibited the consideration of these four plants as 
separate units for this purpose. 

When discussing profits it is well to remember that the percentage 
of profit on net sales does not represent the percentage of profit on the 
invested capital. In some industries an investment of $100,000 may 

?roduce a volume of net sales amounting to $200,000 or $300,000. 
f such be the case, a profit of 5 per cent on net sales would in reality 
be a proportionately higher rate on the invested capital. In indus- 
tries where conditions are different an investment of $100,000 might 
produce a volume of sales amounting to only $50,000. In such case 
a profit of 5 per cent on net sales would be proportionately less on 
the capital invested. 

In this industry the investment per dollar of sales is high and only 
under the most favorable circumstances is the volume of sales for 
any one year greater than the invested capital. During an average 
or a low year the volume of sales will be found less than the invested 
capital. The foregoing tables have shown percentages of manufac- 
turing and final profit on the net sales basis. This perhaps might be 
confusing unless the tables showing the percentages of profit on 
invested capital be also studied. The following table (Table 21) 
gives the different percentages of manufacturing and final profit by 
individual firms on both capital invested and net sales. 

The percentages are figured on capital stock, common and preferred, 
plus surplus. Ordinarily this would be considered the amount of 
25090°— 16 3 



34 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



invested capital. Normally the combined capital stock and surplus 
represent the amount owned by the stockholders of the company. 
Reserve accounts are generally set up to be used for definite purposes, 
as, for instance, to provide for depreciation or certain losses that are 
expected to occur. Going carefully over the accounts of the different 
plants it was found, however, that the reserve accounts set up were, 
for all practical purposes, simply a division of the surplus account. 
In most instances, though designated for specific purposes, they 
were not used for those purposes. It would therefore seem only fair 
in determining the amount of capital actually invested that these 
reserve accounts be considered as part of it. This also brings to a true 
valuation certain of the accounts of one firm which were carried on 
the books at a depreciated value. 

The percentages of profit in the tables showing the combined figures 
of the three firms have also been figured on capital stock, common and 

Preferred. In the tables showing the plants separately this column 
as been omitted for the reason that the publication of these figures 
would clearly identify one of the firms. 

Table 21. — Percentages of Manufacturing Profit and Final Profit on Speci- 
fied Items of Capital Employed and Net Sales, by Separate Establishments, 
for the Most Profitable, the Least Profitable, and the Average Year. 



Percentages based on — 



Manufacturing profit. 



Most 
profit- 
able year. 



Least 
profit- 
able vear. 



Average 

year. 



Final profit. 



Most 
profit- 
able year. 



Least 
profit- 
able year 



Average 
year. 



Capital stock (common and preferred) and 
surplus: 

Firm A 

Firm B 

Firm C 

Capital stock (common and preferred), sur- 
plus, and reserves: 

Firm A 

Firm B 

Firm C 

Net sales: 

Firm A 

FirmB 

Firm C 



43.20 
28.70 
31.43 



25.58 
28.70 
24.13 

22.69 
27.55 
27.94 



0.52 
1.39 
3.89 



.49 
1.39 
3.89 

.70 
3.24 
11.64 



20.44 
13.31 
15.18 



14.99 
13.31 
13.27 

15.97 
19.82 
23.40 



48.54 
31.40 
33.04 



28.74 
31.40 
25.37 

25.48 
30.14 
29.37 



0.21 
2.88 
6.39 



.19 

2.88 
6.39 

.28 
6.71 
19.13 



22.28 
14.96 
16.93 



16.34 
14.96 
14.81 

17.41 

22.28 
26.11 



In studying these profit tables it is well to have clearly in mind the 
difference between manufacturing and final profit. Manufacturing 
profit is obtained by subtracting total cost from net sales. This in- 
cludes all the costs of manufacturing, together with selling and admin- 
istration expenses, but it does not include any items of interest either 
paid or received, or any miscellaneous receipts or rents from tenements 
and other outside property. Final profit, however, includes the re- 
ceipts and disbursements of all items of interest paid and received, 
dividends from outside investments, rents of tenements, and other 
miscellaneous receipts, and represents the final figures of profit or loss. 
Dividends or other disbursements to the stockholders of the company 
are not taken into consideration. 

In determining the per cent of profit on invested capital, the total 
capital stock, common and preferred, surplus and reserve accounts, 
or in other words the amount actually owned by the stockholders of 
the company, is the basis. If against this is figured the amount of 
final profit, the result will be the per cent of profit on the capital in- 



COST OF PKODUCTION. 



35 



vested. Using these figures it is not necessary to consider the 
amount of borrowed money (bonds or current loans), as the calcula- 
tion for final profit has taken into consideration the interest paid on 
such accounts. 

Table 22 shows the combined figures of the three firms, percentages 
being given for both manufacturing and final profit calculated on the 
several items of invested capital and also net sales. The impres- 
sion has been current in the industry that it required $2 of invest- 
ment to produce $1 of net sales. This table shows that for the 
least profitable year this is true, net sales amounting to 54.13 per 
cent of the total of capital stock, common and preferred, surplus, and 
reserves. It does not hold true, however, for either the most profit- 
able or for the average year. Net sales for the most profitable year 
were 94.04 per cent of the total of combined capital stock, etc. To 
state this in another way, for the most profitable year one dollar of 
investment produced slightly more than 94 cents of net sales. Net 
sales for an average year were 76.70 per cent of combined capital stock, 
etc., or one dollar of investment produced almost 77 cents of net 
sales. Borrowed money is not considered as capital invested for 
the reason that interest charges for same are included as an expense 
in calculating final profit. 

No new capital of any considerable amount has been put into the 
business during the period covered by this report, capital surplus and 
reserve accounts having been built up from earnings. The percent- 
age of profit on capital stock, especially for the most profitable year, 
is large. This is partly due to the fact that one large firm for many 
years has retained purely nominal figures for capital stock, the larger 
part of its working capital being carried in surplus account. The 
large amount of surplus carried by the several firms at different times 
is perhaps better understood when it is remembered that several of 
these plants were organized prior to 1840. Whether a firm carries its 
working capital as capital or surplus in most cases is largely a matter 
of bookkeeping. For this reason in determining the per cent of profit 
it is safer to consider capital plus surplus and reserves instead of 
capital alone as the basis. 

Table 22. — Capital Employed, Net Sales, Manufacturing Profit, and Final 
Profit for Three Firms Combined, Showing Percentages of Profit Based 
on Each Item. 





Most profitable year. 


Least profitable year. 


Average year, 1906-1914. 


Items. 


Amount. 


Manu- 
factur- 
ing 
profit. 


Final 
profit. 


Amount. 


Manu- 
factur- 
ing 
profit. 


Final 
profit. 


Amount. 


Manu- 
factur- 
ing 
profit. 


Final 
profit. 


Capital stock (com- 
mon and pre- 


$3,435,745 

10,349,658 

13, 651, 558 
12,S37,S92 

2,945,184 
3,215,210 


Per ct. 
85.72 

28.46 

21.57 
22.94 


Per ct. 
93.58 

31.07 

23.55 
25.04 


.$7,200,000 

13,110,944 

13, 746, 061 
7, 440, 916 

282,440 
418, 194 


Per ct. 
3.92 

2.15 

2.05 
3.80 


Per ct. 
5.81 

3.19 

3.04 
5.62 


$4, 762, 719 

11,187,069 

13,013,837 
9,981,711 

1, 825, 743 
2,020,929 


Per ct. 
38.33 

16.32 

14.03 
18.29 


Per ct. 
42 43 


Capital stock (com- 
mon and pre- 
ferred) and sur- 


18.07 


Capital stock (com- 
mon and pre- 
ferred), surplus, 
and reserves 


15.53 
20.25 


Manufacturing 




Final profit 





























CHAPTER III. 
COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 

COTTON TEXTILE MACHINES AND THEIR USES. 

The following cotton-mill machinery is in common use in American 
cotton mills at the present time, and, except automatic looms, is 
manufactured by the machinery plants considered in this report. 

OPENERS. 

For the purpose of obtaining uniformity of stock, the bales of raw 
cotton from different soils and centers of production, after arrival at 
the mill, are opened and the various grades of cotton, which may vary 
in length, strength, cleanliness, and color, are mixed. 

The mixing was formerly a hand operation, and this slow and labor- 
ious method is still in use in a number of mills, but in well-equipped 
mills the following or similar machinery is in use: (1) Combined bale 
breakers and feeders, (2) feed tables with mouths, (3) condenser, (4) 
fan and counter, (5) automatic distributing apron, (6) conducting 
pipe. 

The matted cotton as it comes from the bale is separated by the 
bale breaker, and after passing through this machine and other mix- 
ing operations, which free the cotton from dirt, seed, and other for- 
eign substances, it is fed automatically from the opening machine to 
the breaker lapper or picker. 

PICKERS. 

In the picking room of a modern mill the following machinery is in 
use: (1) Automatic self-feeding breaker pickers, (2) beater interme- 
diate lapper pickers, (3) beater finisher lapper pickers. 

From the opening machinery the cotton passes to the breaker 
pickers, where it is beaten, passed between rolls, made into a lap or 
sheet about half an inch thick and about 40 inches wide. The breaker 
picker removes the heavy foreign matter, such as dirt, pieces of cot- 
ton seed, etc., separates the tufts of cotton for easier manipulation, 
and rolls the lap on a bar into the form of a cylinder. 

The intermediate and finisher lappers carry on the same processes 
as the breaker pickers and each successive lap is cleaner and more 
uniform in its composition. The finisher lapper has an evener at- 
tachment which can be adjusted to deliver "card laps " of any weight 
per yard that is required. The picker-room machinery has been 
greatly improved since 1860. 

When fine yarns are made, combing machines are also used. 

CARDS. 

The cards, or carding engines as they are called in England, are 
the most important part of cotton textile machine equipment for yarn 
production, and the most expensive in the aggregate. 

The card lap from the finisher lapper consists of cotton fibers 
crossed in all directions, and adhering to the fibers are lighter impuri- 
36 



COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 



37 



ties, such as pieces of leaf, seed, or stalk, which the pickers can not 
remove. The lap unwinds into the card and the fiber is carried for- 
ward on the surface of the wire with which the revolving card cylin- 
der is clothed, and brought into contact with similar wire on top 
flats revolving more slowly in the opposite direction, thus brushing 
or carding the material. 

The card accomplishes several objects. It removes the small and 
lighter impurities, disentangles the tufts of crossed fibers and begins 
the work of making them parallel, changes the lap into a sliver or 
rope formation, and reduces the weight per yard. The carded cot- 
ton is stripped from the main cylinder by a smaller one, which in 
turn is stripped of its product by a comb. The cotton then passes 
through rolls and is coiled into cans. The loose, untwisted rope thus 
formed is called "card sliver." 

Before the introduction and manufacture of the revolving top flat 
card in the United States in 1883, the card in common use was the 
stationary top flat or Wellman card, named after ah American who 
improved the flat card in the fifties by the use of a device for auto- 
matically stripping the flats. This card, which had a wooden frame, 
continued in use until a recent period, but is now almost entirely 
replaced by the revolving top flat card built entirely of iron and steel, 
and very highly improved. One of the leading manufacturers of 
cotton cards, who took up in 1891 the manufacture of revolving flat 
cards patterned after those of English build, states that since that 
date his firm has made use of the patented devices of several different 
inventors. 

The following table shows the production of card sliver in a day 
of 10 hours by an up-to-date revolving flat card compared with that 
of the stationary flat card in use in 1883. 

The speed of the doffer, it will be noted, is practically the same for 
the old and new types of machines, but the diameter of the old style 
doffer was but 15 J inches while in the modern type it is 27f inches. 



Table 23.- 



-comparison of output per 10-hcur day of old and new style 
Cards. 



1883 


1914 


Revolu- 






Revolu- 






tions of 


40- grain 


70-grain 


tions of 


40-grain 


70-grain 


doffer per 


sliver. 


sliver. 


doffer per 


siiver. 


sliver. 


minute. 






minute. 








Pounds. 


Pounds. 




Pounds. 


Pmivds. 


7.5 


31. S2 


55. 69 


7.88 


68.81 


120.42 


8 
8.5 


33. 94 

36. 85 


59. 36 
63. 08 








8.48 


74.04 


129. 56 


9 


38.18 


6(5.81 


9.09 


79.37 


138. 91 


9.5 


40. 2 ) 


70.50 


9.70 


84.71 


148. 24 


10 
10.5 


42. 42 
44. 54 


74.23 
77. 95 








10.30 


89.33 


157. 38 


11 


40. (Hi 


81.65 


10.91 


95.27 


166. 70 


11.5 


48.77 


85. 34 


11.52 


100. 59 


176.05 


12 


50.88 


89.04 


12.12 


105. 83 


185.20 


12.5 


53.00 


92.76 


12.73 


111.15 


194.51 


13 


55.14 


96.52 


13.34 


116.48 


203. 82 



In the above table 10 per cent of the time is allowed for cleaning, 
oiling, and stripping of the 1883 machine, 5 per cent for the same 
processes in 1914. 



38 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

DRAWING FRAMES. 

The process of disentangling, straightening, and parallelizing the 
fibers, which has been partly accomplished in the card, is continued 
by the drawing frame. This machine has four rolls, running at differ- 
ent speeds, and slivers are fed into them, to be drawn into finer slivers, 
and then a number of those, usually six, united again into a single 
sliver and coiled into a can. There are either two or three processes 
of drawing in use according to the kind of yarn desired. 

A number of improvements have been made in drawing frames, 
principally in stop-motion devices, which enable the operative to 
tend a greater number of machines and also to reduce the labor cost 
per unit of production. 

Until recent years common top rolls were used on drawing frames, 
but metallic fluted rolls have now largely superseded them. The 
common top rolls were covered with two layers of leather, the outer 
thin, tough, and elastic, to avoid damaging the cotton fiber. Revolv- 
ing at high speed, however, under certain atmospheric conditions 
and with certain kinds of cotton stock, the leather-covered rolls work 
badly and yield poor results. The process of making them, more- 
over, is slow and expensive. 

The metallic fluted roll meets these difficulties to a very great 
extent, and at the same speed the output of machines so equipped is 
about 20 per cent greater than with the leather-covered rolls. 

SLUBBER AND ROVING FRAMES. 

From the drawing frame the sliver passes to the slubber, where 
each sliver is alternated by being passed through three successive 
pairs of rollers revolving at different speeds, and it is thus wound 
onto bobbins, a slight twist being inserted during this operation. 
The product is known as roving or roping to distinguish it from 
sliver in which there is no twist. 

The reduction of the roving to a fineness that fits it for spinning is 
accomplished by passing it through roving frames, the first of these 
being known as the "intermediate" and the second as the "fine 
frame." In some cases there is employed yet another roving frame 
called the "jack frame." All of these machines are included in the 
general term "fly frames," because all have a part called a "flyer," 
which is attached to the spindle and revolves with it. 

Other than minor changes in the design of the frame and other 
details, the only important improvements in the last 25 years are bal- 
anced bobbin rails, adopted in 1899, and new features in the design 
and construction of flyers. 

RING SPINNING FRAMES. 

Ring spinning, unlike mule spinning, is a continuous process in 
which the yarn roving is at the same time drawn out, twisted, and 
wound on bobbins. The spinning spindle and its revolutions are two 
factors governing the production and progress of the industry. 

The ring spinning frame is an American invention which originated 
in the year 1831. In that year there were 1,246,703 mule spindles 
in operation in the United States. In 1860 there were 5,235,727 
spindles, and about one-half of these were ring spindles. In 1890, 



COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 



39 



of 14,188,103 active spindles, 62 per cent were ring spindles, and in 
1914, of 32,744,012 cotton-producing spinning spindles, 87.3 per 
cent were ring spindles. 

It is said that the cost of the spinning machinery in a cotton 
mill is probably equal to 20 per cent of the entire cost of the mill 
ready for operation, and that about one-half of the entire power 
required to run a cotton mill is necessary to drive the spinning 
machinery. For these reasons, with others, the spinning depart- 
ment receives the largest share of attention and as a most natural 
consequence shows the most advance and improvement. 

The Sawyer and Rabbeth spindles were the foremost in the ring 
spinning development from 1872 to 1887 and, with their improve- 
ments, are still made by leading manufacturers in addition to the 
more recent Wliitin gravity spindle, the McMullen spindle, the Draper, 
and the Sherman spindles. About 1860, 5,500 revolutions per min- 
ute was high speed, but for several years past this speed has been 
more than doubled. One concern says of its best spindle: "Some 
of the spindles have been run at a speed of 12,000 turns a minute 
for several years without any perceptible evidence of wear." From 
1870 to 1903, 373 patents have been taken out on ring spindles in 
the United States, and one manufacturing concern states that in 
the last 25 years 48 patents have been granted covering improve- 
ments on ring spinning frames. 

Table 24 compares the production of warp yarn from numbers 
10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 upon a ring spinning frame of the present day 
and that of a ring spinning frame producing the same numbers in 1883. 

In this table the production per spindle at 12,000 revolutions per 
minute is not shown, as the comparative data were not available. 
The highest speed shown is 9,700 revolutions as compared With 
6,500, 30 years ago. The table shows that the increase in production 
of yarn per spindle of the specified numbers ranges from 53.47 per 
cent to 61.76 per cent. 

As the length of the frame has been increased and the operative 
enabled to attend more spindles than formerly, with the increase in 
speed it is probable that the output per spinner has been doubled. 

Table 24. — Comparison of Production op Spinning Frame, Ring Warp Yarn, 

1883 and 1914. 



Warp yarn. 


Twist per 
inch. 


Revolutions of 

front roll 

per minute. 


Revolutions of 

spindles 

per minute. 


Hanks per day 
per spindle. 


Pounds of yarn 

per day 
per spindle. 


Increase 
in pro- 
duction. 




1883 


1914 


1883 


1914 


1883 


1914 


1883 


1914 


1883 


1914 


No. 10 

No. 20 

No. 30 

No. 40 

No. 50 


15.02 
21.24 
26.01 
30.04 
33.58 


15.02 
21.24 
26. 02 
29.07 
32. 52 


110.2 
89.9 
73.4 
66.7 
62.6 


153.6 
134.0 
116.2 
106.2 
94.9 


5,200 
6,000 
6,000 
6,300 
6,500 


7,250 
8,950 
9,500 
9,700 
9,700 


5.904 

4.902 
4. 073 
3.766 
3.533 


8. 530 
7.525 
6.598 
6.097 
5.508 


0.590 
.245 
.136 
.094 
.071 


0.953 
.376 
.220 
.152 
.110 


Per ct. 
61.53 
53.47 
61.76 
61.70 
54.93 



COMBING MACHINES. 



Combing machines are used for producing finer grades of sliver 
for very fine yarns, and also for a high grade of yarn of coarse num- 
bers. They comb the fibers and take out the shorter ones, combed 



40 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

yarns being the resultant product, as distinct from yarns that have 
been carded only and are called carded yarns. 

A complete combing-machine equipment includes a sliver lap 
machine, a ribbon lap machine, and the combing machine. The 
first makes the lap from a number of card slivers; the second com- 
bines several laps from the sliver lap machine into a single lap of a 
required firmness and evenness; the comber takes out all the short 
fibers. 

While English manufacturers have perfected combing machinery 
and English cotton mills make a greater proportion of fine yarns than 
those in the United States, it was in France that this machinery 
was invented, by Heilmann, in 1845. English combing machines had 
practically an exclusive market in the United States up to 1897, as 
combers were not made here. A leading American cotton textile 
manufacturer thus describes the origin and progress of American- 
made combers: 

In 1896 we began the manufacture of combing machinery, comprising sliver lap, 
ribbon lap, and combing machines. The first machines were duplicates of English- 
built machines such as had been made in England for many years with very few 
improvements since first invented by Heilmann in 1845. From the first we found 
this machinery handicapped on account of low productive capacity and consequent 
high labor costs. To overcome this defect many ideas were thought out, experimented 
with, and some were incorporated in the machine's construction as it stands to-day, 
capable of producing 150 per cent more combed cotton than the old machines. 

These machines are protected by 18 different patents, granted 
since 1903. The manufacturer says further: 

Other improvements are covered by pending patents. Most of the improvements 
in all of our machines have resulted in increasing the productive capacity of the 
machine to which they are applied, and at the same time afforded means whereby 
the mechanisms were simplified to such an extent that the operative was enabled to 
tend more machines and thus decrease the labor cost per pound of production. 

AUTOMATIC LOOMS. 

In 1894 the automatic loom was perfected and placed in practical 
operation. It differed from the plain loom in that the machine did 
not have to be stopped for the purpose of taking out the empty 
bobbin and replacing it with a full one, thus saving, it is estimated, 
from 100 to 200 stops a day. The automatic loom has "a bobbin- 
changing device, a filling hopper from which bobbins or cops are 
automatically transferred to the loom shuttle, a peculiar shuttle 
which can be threaded automatically by the motion of the loom, 
devices that act to stop the loom if the sliuttle is not in position, and 
a warp stop motion to prevent the making of poor cloth." 

From 6 to 12 plain looms may be attended by one weaver, while 
from 14 to 28 automatic looms need but one person to keep all of 
them in continuous production. Moreover, from the records obtained 
in 1911-12 it is shown that eight plain looms, which were attended 
by one weaver, produced 30.33 linear yards of bleached domestic 
cotton cloth per hour, while a weaver operating 24 automatic looms 
produced 101.75 linear yards per hour of the same material. In 
both cloths 60 was the number of picks per inch, the speed of the 
plain looms being 156 picks and that of the automatic looms 165 picks 
per minute. 

a Tariff Board report on cotton manufactures, 1912. 



COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 41 

COTTON-WASTE MACHINERY. 

The utilization of the waste product of the various cotton-manu- 
facturing processes has engaged the attention of all the principal 
cotton textile machinery manufacturers. In some mills spinning a 
low-grade cotton yarn some of the waste is mixed with new cotton 
and combined in the yarns forming the staple product of the mill. 
The larger part of the waste produced, however, can not be used in 
this way, but it is sold to the waste buyers for the export trade. 
In some cases it is sold directly to waste spinners. 

Cotton waste is divided into two classes called hard and soft waste. 
Hard waste, or waste in which there is some twist, is made on the 
spinning and succeeding machines, and consists of cop bottoms, reel 
waste, twister waste, etc. Hard waste has to be run through some 
machine to tear it up and take out the twist before it can be re- 
worked. It is graded according to clearness, whether white or 
colored, and according to the machine on which it is made. Soft 
waste includes all waste of the machines up to the spinning frames, 
such as motes, card fly, flat and cylinder strips, clearer waste, clean 
sweepings, oily waste, etc. 

There are two principal systems of machinery used in the manu- 
facture of cotton waste, the condenser and the coiler. The first re- 
sembles the woolen system and the latter is more like the cotton 
system. The condenser produces a soft full yarn which can be used 
for warp and filling for blankets, flannelettes, cleaning cloths, quilts, 
and such fabrics. The coiler is used where harder-twisted yarns are 
desired. 

Lancashire, England, is the principal center of the hard-waste 
spinning industry, while Germany and Austria have developed 
soft-waste spinning to a very high degree. England did import 
hard waste to be manufactured from both Germany and Austria, 
while these countries, in turn, imported soft waste from England. 

While few American cotton mills use yarns made from waste, during 
the last few years American manufacturers have developed machines 
for the utilization of waste, and have been supplying such equipment 
to a few American spinners. With the advance in the waste-spinning 
industry, the manufacture of waste machinery will become more 
important. 

The quality of the yarns and fabrics made in Germany from waste 
or waste mixed with new cotton is surprising to one unfamiliar 
with the industry. Agents of the Bureau obtained imported samples 
of the following: 

FABRICS MANUFACTURED FROM DIFFERENT CLASSES OF COTTON WASTE. 

Sheeting. — Cotton warp; waste filling from coiler or preparation (about 8s from cop 
bottoms). 

Twill sheeting. — Cotton warp; waste rilling from condenser yarn (about 8s from 
cop bottoms), bleached in piece. 

Sheeting. — Cotton warp; waste filling from condenser yarn (about 8s from cop 
bottoms). 

Plain sheeting. — Cotton warp; waste filling from condenser yarn (about 8s from 
cop bottoms). 

Plain condenser sheeting. — Raised and finished. 

Colored satin quilt. — Cotton warp; waste filling. 

Floor cloth. — Jute warp; condenser filling from sweepings. 



42 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

Sponge cloth. — Cotton warp; preparation or condenser filling waste. 

Toweling. — Cotton warp; condenser filling (about 6s from cop bottoms). 

Scouring cloth. — Jute and cotton; waste mixed for both warp and filling (about 4s 
condenser). 

Chintz alhambra quilt. — Cotton warp; condenser filling from scutcher waste, sweep- 
ings, etc. 

Red alhambra quilt. — Cotton warp; condenser filling 2s to 3s from scutcher waste, 
sweepings, card-room waste, afterwards bleached. 

Honeycomb quilt. — Cotton warp; waste filling from scutcher waste, sweepings, and 
card-room waste, afterwards bleached. 

Crepe cretonne. — Cotton warp; preparation filling (8s from cop bottoms). 

Crepe cretonne. — Cotton warp; preparation filling (about 8s from cop bottoms). 

MACHINE EQUIPMENT OF A 50,000-SPINDLE MILL. 

The number of different machines required in a cotton mill of 50,000 
ring-spinning spindles, making specified numbers of warp and filling 
and producing the yarn used by 1,359 plain looms in weaving cotton 
cloth of a specified width and number of threads per inch, is shown in 
Table 25, which was compiled from cotton-mill architects' specifica- 
tions in the report of the Tariff Board of 1912. The table also shows 
the number of operatives required, together with the production per 
machine or per spindle, and total production per week of 56 hours. 



COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 



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44 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



The number of machine opt ratives required is 302 and other em- 
ployees 69, making a total of 871 employees of all classes. 

IMPROVEMENTS IN COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY. 

The following list of patents obtained from the records of the 
machinery manufacturing establishments will give an idea of the 
improvements that have been made in cotton-textile machinery in 
recent years. 

Patents on Cotton- Spinning Machinery and Miscellaneous Textile 
Machinery Issued Since 1881. 

[List obtained from two of the firms covered by this report.] 

Stop-motion mechanism for ma- 
chines for preparing sliver (3 
patents). 

Electric stop motion for machine 
for preparing sliver. 

Coiler head (3 patents). 

Warp stop motion for looms. 

Coiler head (2 reissues). 

Coiler head. 

Automatic sprinkler. 

Fire extinguisher. 

Stop motion for twisting frames. 

Machine for preparing and spinning 
worsted (5 patents). 

Cap for spinning and twisting. 

Spindle support for spinning, twist- 
ing, and the like machines. 

Condenser cap machines (5 patents) 

Cotton conveyor. 

Eveners. 

Feeding mechanism. 

Yarn-measuring device. 

Belt-shipping device. 

Stop-motion spoon for machine for 
preparing sliver. 

Means for changing speed for differ- 
ential gearing. 

Spindle guards for textile-treating 
machines. 

Improvement in calender rolls. 

Improvement in gear-cutting ma- 
chine. 

Improvement in lap winders. 

Improvement in hank clocks, rov- 
ing and spinning. 

Belt shifters. 

Flapper for lap winder. 

Spindle support for spinning, 
twisting, and like machines. 

Insulation of slasher cylinder. 

Safety device for lap winders. 

Roll support for spinning, twisting, 
or like machines. 

Fiber-feeding mechanism. 

Safety device for lap winding and 
the like. 

Bobbin gear. 

Spindle drive for spinning, twist- 
ing, or like machines. 

Bearing for slide rods for textile 
machinery. 



1889. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1896. 
1899. 

1899. 
1900. 

1901. 

1902 

1905 
1908 



Horizontal trunk. 

Cotton opener and trunk. 

Dust trunks (inclined). 

Dust trunks (horizontal). 

Leather clearer apron. 

Feeder. 

Cotton conveyor. 

Improvement in evening devices 

for openers. 
Beater lock. 
Improvement in lap roll tension 

for openers. 
Improvement in evening devices 

for openers. 
Improvement in cleansing trunks 

(3 patents). 
Pneumatic conveyor second table. 
Cotton distributor. 

COMBERS. 



1903. 
1904. 
L906. 
1906. 
1906. 
1906. 
1907. 
1907. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1911. 
1912. 
1912. 
1913. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Stop motion. 
Stop motion. 
Detaching motion. 
Comb motion. 
Detaching motion. 
S liver packer. 
Comb cylinder clearer. 
Stop motion. 
Piecing motion. 
Stop motion. 
Weight reliever. 
Lap winder. 
Sliver pan. 
Nipper frame. 
Top comb brush. 
Stop motion. 
Slher pan. 
Detaching motion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



1894. Band cutter. 
1894. Safety stop motion. 

1894. Fiber-feeding machine. 

1895. Wool washer. 
1895. Dryer aprons. 
1895. Wool washer. 

1895. Trumpet for machine for preparing 
sliver. 



1895. 



1895. 

1900. 
1900. 
1903. 
1903. 
1903. 
1904. 
1904. 
1904. 

1906. 
1911. 

1912. 
1914. 
1914. 
1914. 
1890. 
1892. 
1896. 

1896. 

1899. 

1909. 
1912. 

1912. 
1912. 

1912 
1912 
1912 

1913 
1914 
1914 

1914 
1914 

1914 
1914 

1914 



COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 



45 



CARDS. 

1881. Improvement in cards. 
1885. Improvements in cards. 

1889. Improvement in top flat clearers. 

1890. Improvement in coilers. 

1890. Improvement in stripping mecha- 
nism tor card . 

1890. Carding engine. 

1891. Traveling flat carding-engine (4 

patents). 

1891. Carding engine (2 patents). 

1892. Device for supporting and adjusting 

front and back covers of carding 

engine. 
1892. Grinding mechanism for traveling 

flats of carding engine (2 patents) . 
1892. Device for supporting or adjusting 

screens or undercasings for the 

cylinders or rollers of carding 

engines. 
1892. Traveling flat carding engine. 

1892. Carding engine (4 patents). 

1893. Actuating mechanism for doffer 
combs of carding engine. 

Feed-roll weighting device for 

carding engines. 
Actuating mechanism for doffer 

combs of carding engines. 
Improvement in coilers. 
Improvement in flat grinding. 
— . Improvement in stop motion for 

cards. 

1894. Improvement in card grinding. 
1894. Improvement in balancing card 

cylinders. 
1894 . Improvement for grinding flats. 
1894. Protector for the ends of clothing of 

flats of carding engine. 
1894. Carding beater. 
1894. Improvement for applying card 

clothing. 

1894. Improvement for grinding edges of 

flat bars. 

1895. Improvement for preparing card 

clothing. 
1895. Improvement in card grinding. 
1895. Improvement in stands for carding 

engines. 

1895. Improvement in machines for card 

grinding. 

1896. Improvement in fastening card 

clothing. 
1895. Stripping mechanism for carding 
chines. 

1895. Improvement for grinding cards 

(2 patents). 

1896. Feeding mechanism for carding en- 

gines. 

1896. Improvement in applying clothing. 

1897. Devices for preparing clothing. 
1897. Devices for attaching clothing to 

flats. 
1897. Improvement in fastening clothing. 
1897 . Devices for attaching clips. 
1897. Improvement in machines for 

bending sheet metal. 



1897. Grinding mechanism for revolving 

top flats. 
1897. Improvement in fastening clips. 

1897. Improvement in card clothing 

attachment devices. 

1898. Guide for flat grinding (2 patents). 

1899. Design for end clips. 
1899. Improvement in end clips. 

1899. Apparatus for grinding for rotary 
carding engines. 

1899. Improvement for flats. 

1899. Improvement for grinding cards. 

1899. Improvement in cards. 

1901. Improvements in guides for grind- 
ing flats. 

1901. Improvements in flats. 

1902. Improvement in card clothing. 

1903. Improvement in carding engines. 

1904. Improvement in flats. 

1904. Improvement for applying card 

clothing to cylinders. 
1912. Improvement in coiler tubes. 
1912. Improvement in machines for 

attaching card clothing to flats. 
1912. Revolving mote knives. 
1915. Stripping device. 



1883. Improvement in eveners for rail- 
ways. 

1888. Improvements in eveners for rail- 
ways. 

1893. Evener mechanism. 

1893. Stop-motion devices for drawing 
frames. 

1893. Stop motion. 

1893. Stop motion. 

1894. Stop motion. 

1895. Improvements in stop motions for 

railways. 
1895. Improvements in machines for 

drawing and evening sliver. 
1895. Improvement in stop motion for 

railway head. 
1895. Improvement in drawing frames. 

1897. Improvement in drawing. 

1898. Design for sliver-guiding spoon. 

1899. Improvement in drawing. 

1899. Improvementin railway (2 patents). 

1900. Improvement in roll clearers (2 

patents) . 
1900. Gear covers for railway. 
1903. Safety device (2 patents). 
1905. Improvement in drawing frames 

and similar machine. 

1905. Improvements in drawing frames 

and the like. 

1906. Evener regulator. 

1906. Improvements in drawing rolls. 

1911. Coiler. 

1912. Stop motion. 
1912. Sliver guide. 

1912. Stop motion (2 patents). 

1913. Trumpet. 

1914. Trumpet adjuster. 
1914. Evener. 



46 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



ROVING. 

1886. Improvement in slubbing and rov- 
ing frames. 

1888. Improvement in spindle tube bear- 
ings for roving frames. 

1892. Bottom cone device for fly frames. 

1892. Mechanism connected with the lift- 
ing or traverse rails of fly frames. 

1892. Stop motion for fly frames. 

1895. Fly frames (2 patents). 

1896. Fly frames (3 patents). 

1898. Improvement in roving frames. 

1899. Lubricating device, roving. 
1899. Improvement in speeders. 

1899. Improvement in yielding bearing 
in spindle shaft for roving ma- 
chines. 

1899. Improvement in covering plates 
for rails, bolsters, or steps in rov- 
ing machines. 

1912. Belt shifters, roving. 

1912. Improvement in shaft bushings, 

roving. 

1913. Creel boards, roving. 

1913. Casing for roving frame mechanism. 

1913. Improvement in couplings for roller 

beams and the like, roving. 

1914. Bobbin gears, roving. 
1890-1915. Roving-frame improvements: 

1870 model— 

Quadrant lifter motion. 

Steel gear casings. 

Steel clearer covers. 

Brass lined roll stands. 

Improved builder, with run-over 
stop motion. 

Application of Cook & Harrison tra- 
verse motion. 

Improved methods of roll covering. 

Perfected methods of fluting steel 
rolls. 

Perfected methods of grinding spin- 
dles. 

Improved outrigger bearing. 

Improved bolster rail. 

Improved hank clock. 
1908 model — Improved new design 
throughout, embodying the following 
details: 

Improved head end frame with steel 
paneling, generated tooth gearing 
throughout, spiral tooth horse- 
head gearing. 

Improved sun wheel. 

Improved T-section bolster and 
step rail. 

Improved bolster. 

Improved creel supports. 

Improved self-aligning bearings. 

Improved cone construction, cones 
made with a ground contour. 

Improved cone lifter motion. 

Improved roll gearing arrangement. 

Improved weight sheave. 

Improved rack return motion. 

Improved reversing motion. 



1890-1915. Roving-frame improvements- 
Continued. 
1908 model — Improved new design 
throughout, embodying the following 
details —Continued. 
Improved builder. 
Improved samson design, embody- 
ing thoroughly machined con- 
struction. 
Frame made more accessible. 
All running parts thoroughly pro- 
tected to prevent accident in 
operation. 
Low drop creel in front, to prevent 
awkward reaching by operative. 
Seat applied for accommodation of 

operative. 
Improve^ lifter gear train. 
Elimination of projecting set screws 

on running parts. 
General improvements to help in- 
crease efficiency of operative and 
ease in handling machine. 

SPINNING. 

1893. Separator mechanism for ring-spin- 
ning frames (2 patents). 

1893. Separator mechanism for ring-spin- 
ning frames (2 patents'). 

1893. Separator mechanism for ring-spin- 
ning frames (2 patents"). 

1893. Ring spinning and doubling frame. 

1893. Separator mechanism for ring-spin- 
ning frames (7 patents). 

1893. Fly-frame. 

1897. Ring- spinning frame. 

1898. Lubricating device for spinning 

frames. 

1899. Lubricating device, spinning. 
1899. Improvement in slit-bush bearings 

for lifting rods, spinning. 
1902. Improvement in spinning ma- 
chines. 

1902. Improvement in roving machines 

1903. Separator, spinning. 
1913. Creel boards, spinning. 
1913. Spinning. 

1915. Builder motion. 
1915. Builder motion, spinning. 
1890-1915. Spinning frame improve- 
ments: 
1870 model- 
Improved filling builder. 
Improved warp builder. 
Improved belt shipper. 
Combination roll stand. 
Combination frame, new design 
throughout to accommodate new 
roll stand. 
Double cylinder frame design. 
Application of R. C. separator to 

Biddeford frames. 
Application of Cook & Harrison 
traverse motion to Biddeford 
frames. 
Application of outrigger bearing. 



COTTON-MILL EQUIPMENT. 



47 



1890-1915. Spinning frame improve- 
ments — Continued . 
1 90S model — Improvement in design 
throughout, embodying the following 
details: 

Box spindle rail application. 

Improved head end frame. 

Improved outrigger bearing. 

Improved head end and overhead 
belt shipper. 

Improved head end and foot end 
creel stand. 

New combination warp and filling 
builder. 

Application of cut gearing through- 
out. 

Improved cross shaft. 

Miscellaneous spindle improve- 
ments, including the adaptation 
of Thompson clutch to McMullan 
spindles. 

Adaptation of Houghton steel 
thread board. 

New design of self-weighted rolls 
with conical clearer. 

Spindle tape drive arrangement 
complete. 

Application of channel iron beam 
in place of angle iron. 

Application of seat for operative. 

Belt shipper safety latch. 



1891. Yarn cleaner for spooling machine. 
1898. Thread guide, spooler. 
1901. Improvement in cop holders for 
spooling machines. 

1898-1915. Spooler improvements: 
1898 model— 

Improved empty bobbin carrier 

device. 
Improved spindles. 



1898-1915. Spooler improvements — Con. 
1898 model — Continued. 

Application of various makes of 
thread guides and bobbin holders. 

Application of metal boxes and 
shelves in place of wood. 

Improved traverse motion. 
1911 model — Improved new design 
throughout, embodying the following 
details: 

New geared head end with self- 
locking sheet metal doors. 

Improved adjustable mangle wheel. 

Improved thread guide rod setting. 

New design of thread guide. 

New design of bobbin holder. 

New rack traverse motion. 

Improved empty bobbin carrier 
device. 

Improved portable side box ar- 
rangement. 

Tape drive application. 

Improved spindle. 

Improved samson construction. 

Adaptation of clamps and safety set 
screws. 

Lubrication improvements through- 
out. 

Improved belt shipper and pulley 
guard . 

Various improved tension devices. 

Complete safety devices. 
1 880 model — 

Improved swift construction. 

Improved friction spindle. 

Improved stop motion. 

Improved doffing arrangement. 
1913, 1914, and 1915 model— 

Improved steel swift. 

Improved all-metal construction. 

Improved doffing arrangement. 

Improved spindle carrier arrange- 
ment. 



CHAPTEK IV. 

MACHINES USED IN MANUFACTURING COTTON-SPINNING 

MACHINERY. 

SHOP EQUIPMENT. 

Many automatic machines are used in the cotton-spinning machine 
shops, especially for small parts, and many special machines, auto- 
matic and semiautomatic, are designed and made at the plants. 
The larger organizations have engineers to study methods and design 
machinery for reducing costs. One plant of the group considered in 
this report is recognized as being the most efficient card manufac- 
turing plant in the world in its processes of manufacture. The others, 
except one, are generally considered by the trade as good. 

.IMPROVEMENTS. 

Great changes have taken place in recent years in the methods used 
in transforming pig iron, sheet iron, steel, and other raw materials 
into finished machines. In the foundries of the machine manufac- 
turing shops, hand molding in the making of castings has almost 
entirely disappeared and machine molding is substituted. In one of 
the large plants making cotton-carding engines or cards which weigh, 
completed, over 6,000 pounds each, a number of important improve- 
ments have been made in the molding of the castings. The following 
information was obtained from this plant: 

The time saved by machine molding is illustrated by the fact that 
formerly one man by hand molding made two card sides in a day's 
work. The two card sides are the largest single pieces in the machine. 
By the machine-molding methods now in use two men make 10 card 
sides in one day. The piece price paid for hand molding per card 
side was $1.1 2| and for machine molding it is 59 \ cents per card side. 
On this basis the hand molder made $2.25 per day, while each of the 
machine molders earns $2.96 per day. 

Another improvement in foundry usage brought about by the 
adoption of molding machines is that the pattern to be molded is 
fastened to a machine and drawn from the sand by turning a lever 
instead of lifting it by hand. Much more uniform work is obtained 
in this way, and much more work can be done per man in a given 
time. 

43 



MACHINES USED. 49 

While individual earnings have increased, the cost of labor by 
machine molding has been reduced, as shown in the following list of 
piece prices for some of the castings: 

Table 26. — Piece Prices for Certain Castings Made by One of the Large 
Plants which Manufactures Cotton Cards. 



Castings. 



Hand 


Machine 


molding. 


molding. 


$0. 5(125 


$0. 2S125 


.6500 


.26000 


.1000 


.10500 


1.1225 


.59250 


.3500 


.12500 


.0700 


.03500 



Arch 

Cylinder spiders . 
Dofler spiders... 

Card sides 

20-inch pulleys.. 
Bench flasks 



In lathe turning, drilling, milling, tapping, and other machine 
operations, many very important improvements have been made to 
increase production and improve the quality of the work. 

The card cylinder casting is a large and important part of the com- 
pleted card. This cylinder is 4 feet 2 inches in diameter and 3 feet 4 
inches in width. To turn the cylinder to finished condition, the com- 
pany above referred to formerly used the best lathes obtainable from 
the machine-tool shops of the country, and with these was able to 
cut across the cylinder twice in five hours, using two cutting tools as 
provided. Lately the same company designed and built in its own 
shop an especially heavy lathe for this work, by which the machine 
operator can take the two cuts across the cylinder in one and three- 
quarters hours, six cutting tools being at work at one time. For 
card doffers, which are smaller cylinders, 2 feet 3 inches in diameter, 
and also 3 feet 4 inches wide, this concern designed and built powerful 
lathes which show similar results in speed and labor cost. 

For turning the shafts of the cylinders and doffers, other heavy 
lathes have been designed and built, with six cutting tools at once 
instead of two as formerly. 

Three pulleys about 20 inches in diameter are used on each card. 
Formerly these were turned on the regular lathes of the best type 
ordinarily used in machine shops, the company paying 80 cents each 
for finishing the pulleys. Heavy lathes in which 5 or 6 tools operate 
at once have reduced the labor cost per pulley for this work from 80 
cents to 35 cents. 

In card arches a variety of machine work has to be done, such as 
drilling, milling, and tapping. The card arches weigh over 100 pounds 
but in the usual former methods had to be hauled to different machines 
to have the different kinds of work done. Recently a special machine 
was devised for doing all the work at once, two sets of milling cutters 
and a drill each performing their individual work at the same time, 
with corresponding reduction in time and labor cost. 

The card sides have to be finished on machines. This had been 
done on planers and milling machines. By means of a special milling 
machine which carries five cutters, more accurate work is now being 
done in a shorter time. 

In one department a series of semiautomatic machines was installed 
for finishing certain cast-iron pieces, and on that class of work a saving 

25090°— 16 4 



50 COTTON-SPINNING MACBJNEKY INDUSTEY. 

of 50 per cent of time was made, with a reduced labor cost. Drilling 
machines of two or three spindles each have been installed, and often 
a man can tend two or three arills in place of one. The high-speed 
hard steel which has recently been adopted for drills, milling cutters, 
and lathe tools has resulted in much faster work than can be done 
with other kinds of steel. 

The superintendent at the plant which furnished this information 
stated that while the labor cost has been reduced materially it has 
been to a great extent offset by the heavy expenditures for tho 
inventing, designing, and building of the new appliances. 



CHAPTER V. 

COST ACCOUNTING AND EFFICIENCY. 

PRESENT METHODS. 

While much has been done in the last 25 years to increase the 
manufacturing efficiency of the various cotton-spinning machinery 
plants by the invention of automatic and other special tools, the 
cost accounting has been to a great extent neglected. One of the 
large firms visited was still using a single-entry system for its general 
books. A smaller firm until 1912 had not taken an inventory of 
stock on hand for 25 or 30 years. 

One of the firms had an excellent and detailed unit factory cost 
system, but there was no distribution of the items of general expenses, 
taxes, insurance, and other overhead expenses by the general office, so 
that while the factory unit costs were complete, a total unit cost 
could not be shown. This is now being remedied by the installation 
of a complete unit-cost system. 

The other two large concerns had no unit-cost systems. They had, 
however, the segregated expenditures as shown in this report. 

AN EFFICIENCY EXPERIMENT. 

One large plant undertook an efficiency experiment in 1912 which, 
although the firm did not apply the results to its other departments, 
was so interesting and conclusive that it is worthy of special mention 
here. A firm of efficiency engineers was called in, and under their 
direction an important part of a machine, in itself a complete manu- 
facturing unit when finished, was selected as the basis to work upon. 

The results were obtained by means of a time study and bonus 
system, which brought about a reduction of 25 per cent in the labor 
cost while increasing the production nearly 50 per cent and increasing 
the earnings of workmen more than 26 per cent. A member of the 
efficiency firm described the bonus system as follows: 

Most of the gain came through having the work at hand for the men and through 
the men's own initiative under the spur of an increased wage. 

The standard was set with the idea that a good man working consistently for 9 
hours out of 10 at his machine or bench could earn 20 per cent in addition to his regular 
wages, and the bonus began to be paid at 81 per cent of the standard. For example, 
if a man was being paid |2 per day and he was doing 30 pieces per day, while the stop 
watch indicated that he could do, without undue effort, 80 pieces, our standard was 
set at 80 pieces and he was expected to make 64 pieces without additional compen- 
sation as being only a fair day's work. 

When his production reached 81 per cent of the standard of 80 pieces, he received 
a bonus of 1 per cent of his wages, and thereafter he received an additional bonus of 
1 per cent for each gain of 1 per cent in his productive efficiency. For instance, 
if he produced 90 per cent of the standard of 80 pieces, he received 10 per cent of hia 
wages additional. If he produced the full standard of 80 pieces, he received 20 per 
cent. If he produced 10 per cent more than 80, his bonus was 30 per cent, and so on. 

In effect this amounts to a slightly diminishing piece rate, with this difference: 
On piecework a man gets so much a piece for every piece he has done irrespective 
of what his work may be during the balance of the week. This bonus was computed 

51 



52 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



over a period covering a week, so that the man was required to sustain his effort and 
not merely work in spurts. For example, if his efficiency on Monday was 110 per 
cent and on Tuesday dropped to 80 per cent, his average for the two days would be 
95 per cent. 

The standard was obtained by observation of actual work done with the use of a 
stop watch. Where more than one man was doing the operation, studies of each 
individual were made. The whole operation was first divided arbitrarily into so-called 
unit motions. 

For example (a) picking up piece from floor or bench; (b) putting piece in machine; 
(c) machine operation; (d) removing piece from machine; (e) inspection of piece by 
operative. Time allowances under the bonus system are made to the men on their 
service tickets for time lost due to the stopping of the machine from any cause what- 
soever, except in cases requiring special consideration. 

An actual time study is then made on a run of work usually covering a period of 
two or three hours, indicating the time consumed on each unit, (a) or (b) or (c), etc. 
From this point the determination of the standard becomes to a certain extent a 
matter of personal equation. As a general proposition, however, the aim was to 
allow every man who conscientiously made an effort an opportunity to earn greater 
wages. In fact, the very essence of a successful bonus or piecework system is a 
well-distributed reward sufficient to secure from the men their maximum effort. 

In a number of cases the men were found to be unable, after really trying, to reach 
the standard set, and in practically every one of these instances the schedule on the 
standard was so altered that a man could attain 90 and in some cases 95 per cent of 
the standard. 

The efficiency expert summarized the results of his work as follows : 

Table 27.— Results of Efficiency Practice During Five Months, Shown for 
Entire Department by Percentage Rating and Extra Wages per Man 
per Week. 



Months. 



Extra 

wages paid 

per man 

per week. 




First month 

Second month.. 

Third month 

Fourth month . . 

Fifth month 

Sixth month 

Seventh month. 
Eighth month.. 
Ninth month... 



Results to company: Per cent. 

Increase in production 49. 75 

Decrease in cost 25 

To workmen: 

Increased wages to men 26. 8 

Highest increased wages to workmen 70 

Remarks: Workmen are satisfied and contented; only one man has quit because 
of dissatisfaction. No rates have been cut. Conditions were intensely complicated 
to begin with. Professional service discontinued after five months, and work turned 
over to client. 



CHAPTER VI. 
SELLING METHODS, PRICES, AND CONDITIONS. 

Boston is the center of the cotton spinning machinery trade. All 
the plants manufacturing this line are easily accessible to Boston or 
have offices there. Every importing firm in the trade has repre- 
sentatives in Boston. In a measure this is due to the fact that the 
cotton manufacturing industry in this country was started in New 
England and is now one of the most important industries of that 
section. 

Contrary to the custom of the cotton mills, which generally dispose 
of their goods through agents, the cotton textile machinery manu- 
facturers do their own selling, and they have been very progressive 
in their selling methods. They keep in touch with all orders and 
the prospects at all times. No chance to sell escapes their constant 
vigilance. They keep in touch with the officers of all the more im- 
portant cotton mills and sell many of the larger orders in person. 

Salesmen are kept continually on the road, and are on a salary 
basis. Ordinarily no commissions are paid to the permanent sales 
force. These men make regular visits to the mills whether orders 
are expected or not, thus keeping the machinery plants posted on 
not only possible orders but all changes and improvements contem- 
plated by the mills. 

All machines when completed are first assembled and erected, then 
tested, at the shop, after which they are taken down, shipped, and 
again erected at the cotton mill. Machines sold to New England 
spinners are erected and put in running order at the mills free of 
charge. Outside of New England, machines are sold f. o. b. machine 
shop, and the cotton mill pays all freight and mill-erection charges. 
As all orders are on a competitive basis, it makes little or no difference 
whether machinery is sold f. o. b. shop or erection and freight charges 
paid. Necessarily all such differences are considered in quoting 
prices. 

Southern offices are maintained by all the large firms for conveni- 
ence in selling to the southern cotton mills. Supplies of card clothing 
and other common repair parts are kept at these offices. Repair and 
erecting men are stationed here so that they may be quickly available 
for rush orders. 

RELATIONS OF SHOPS AND COTTON MILLS. 

An official of one of the machinery plants may be quoted, in part, 
as follows: 

Owing to the fact that the competition between the various United States shops 
for the business which the mills have had to offer has been keen, it has been necessary 
for each shop to keep in close touch with the customers and users of its machinery. 

The shops maintain staffs of traveling men, generally expert in one department or 
another of the manufacture of cotton, whose business it is, when visiting mills, to 
take notice of the condition of the mill and the manner of the operation of its machin- 
ery, give advice, and make suggestions as to betterments in operation, where desired 

53 



54 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

or necessary. The experience gained by such experts has greatly aided mills gen- 
erally to maintain their standards of quality and economy. 

Such factors in the intimacy between the shops and the mills as above mentioned 
have brought about a close association, much more so, unquestionably, than would 
have been the case had the mills been dependent on foreign countries for the sources 
of their machinery supplies, and undoubtedly this close relationship, and the sym- 
pathetic ties between various groups of mills and the different shops, have materially 
assisted the splendid development of textile manufacturing, both in the Northern 
and Southern States, and have also firmly established its position. 

The machinery manufacturers have frequently helped to finance 
the organization and the expansion of the cotton mills, by extending 
large and long-time credits, and have at times accepted mill stocks 
and bonds as part payments and in some instances payment in full 
for the machinery. (See p. 84.) Such stocks and bonds must often 
be carried by the machinery manufacturers for many years. If the 
mill is profitable they may perhaps be sold at a profit, but if not they 
must be retained or sold at a loss. As a general thing, such securities 
are accepted at less than their face value or else the sales price of the 
machinery is advanced by a corresponding amount. 

Of the three firms studied, one still retains practically all the 
securities accepted, one has retained a major part and has distributed 
most of the remainder as dividends to its stockholders. The third 
firm has sold virtually all securities accepted during recent years, 
such stocks and bonds having been sold to or through a securities 
company organized by themselves for this purpose. The security 
company and the machinery manufacturing company with which it 
does business are firmly connected by interlocking directorates. 

The majority of cotton-mill securities accepted by the machinery 
firms seldom get very far from their control. An official of one 
firm stated that though in some cases the acceptance of securities 
had been unprofitable, on the whole he considered that this practice 
had been very advantageous to his firm. It had enabled them to 
put their machinery in many mills at the time of their organization, 
and later these mills when increasing their equipment had in nearly 
all cases purchased again from them. 

A member of one large American firm, in discussing this subject, 
said : 

It has been stated that the American textile machinery shops were presumably in 
a trust, and by large stock ownership in the various mills had a monopoly of the busi- 
ness. 

These statements are absolutely erroneous, as the shops have had the fiercest compe- 
tition, and the ownership of stock has partly been brought about by helping struggling 
mills to develop, and more largely by compulsion in reorganization necessitated by 
too little mill capital, such as occurred in the cases of a number of mills, where the 
machine shops had the choice of losing all the amounts owing to them for machinery 
or accepting stock in payment. In this way it is true that the shops have directly 
and indirectly been the means of furnishing a large amount of capital to cotton mills, 
which has benefited the South especially, and the shops should be praised and not 
condemned for this. Although the ownership of the stocks taken to help the mills 
start has given the shops some business in dull times, the investment has proved 
expensive, as it has been impossible to convert some of these stocks into cash in any 
large amount except at heavy discount, and there has been no market at all for many 
such stocks. 

One bad side to this custom of accepting securities in payment of 
machinery for new mill construction is that it artificially stimulates 
the building of cotton mills. This has a tendency to make the demand 
for machinery very brisk for a few years, and then to bring on a 
period of very dull times, lasting until the consumption of cotton 
goods can catch up with cotton-mill capacity. A chart showing the 



! 



SELLING METHODS, PRICES, AND CONDITIONS. 55 

sales of one large plant from 1840 to 1912 shows very clearly the ups 
and downs of the volume of sales over that period. Sales start at a 
low point and gradually rise, reaching the high point at about the 
end of each seven-year period ; then they fall sharply and again rise 
gradually to a high point about seven years later. 

This rise and fall has been consistent over the entire period from 
1840 to date. The period 1909 to 1910 was one of the high points, 
with a sharp fall in 1912 to 1913. The year 1914 was better, and the 
prediction is that 1915 will make a great advance over 1914, with 
every likelihood that the advance will continue into 1916. 

SELLING PRICES. 

Although the machinery manufacturers had a sales price agreement 
at one time, the records indicate that it was not adhered to. High 
prices have existed only during the times when the demand for 
machinery was great and when the demand alone would have kept 
them very firm. The instant the demand was reduced the most 
severe competition set in. For example, the average price of a 40- 
inch revolving top flat card in 1909, when the demand was very 
great, was $587.70. In 1914, when business was not good, it was 
$439.24. 

There are two factors that produce this severe competition. One 
is that cotton-spinning machinery plants are. equipped with special 
machines to manufacture only such machinery and it is not possible 
for them to manufacture other kinds economically; the other is the 
small size of the industry, three large firms producing between 80 and 
90 per cent of the total output of the country. 

During dull times it is absolutely necessary for these organizations 
to keep all of their technical men, foremen, second hands, most of the 
principal machinists, erectors, and even many machine hands and 
less skilled workers. These, if allowed to go, would become skilled 
in some other industries, and when times became better it would be 
impossible to get them back. The training of new workers would 
then be necessary, as the only men skilled in this industry are now 
being employed therein. Such conditions make competition very 
keen during dull periods. 

The decline in selling prices in recent years was commented upon 
by one of the manufacturers already quoted, as follows: 

It is doubtful whether cotton-mill men, as a whole, are desirous of having machinery 
prices at the lowest possible level, for the reason that while this would be of advantage 
to new enterprises, it means depreciation in the value of the investment in the case 
of an established mill where the machinery has for some time been installed. We do 
not mean that every purchaser of machinery does not try to obtain the lowest possible 
price at the time he buys, but that, as a general proposition, there has been no cry 
or demand from the cotton-mill trade for a low level, or a level of prices unprofitable to 
the machine builder. As a matter of fact, however, present-day prices, and those 
which have been maintained now for the past two years are absurdly low — so low that 
in almost every case where competitive machinery is sold it nets a positive loss to the 
shop, the reason being that (due to depressed conditions in the textile-mill industry) 
there has been a minimum of new mill construction, as well as of reequipment of 
existing mills. The result of this has been a ruinous condition of competition among 
the machine shops, due to the endeavors of each to keep its plant in operation and thus 
retain its organization. 

The low prices prevailing for American machines have prevented the importation 
of practically any English or other foreign machinery, and until the buying by mills 
increases to a point which will enable the builders to advance their prices it can not 
be stated whether the present tariff will admit of machinery being manufactured at a 
profit to the United States maker. The fact that English machinery of quality which 



56 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



compares most favorably with the beat of the United States builders can be imported 
in unlimited quantities, dependent only on the price, limits the maximum figures 
to which the domestic builder can increase his prices, and whether or not the maxi- 
mum to which he can advance them and still retain the market as against foreign 
competition will net him a fair profit is something that it remains for the future to 
prove. 

It is quite possible that a perfectly accurate knowledge of unit 
costs on the part of all the machinery builders will have a tendency 
toward a more rational maintenance of proper prices on all machines. 
Under the present system it often occurs that the cost of a given 
machine has no particular relation to the selling price, the latter, 
especially during slack seasons, being determined mostly by prices 
made, or said to be made, by competitors. The result 01 this situa- 
tion is that during slack seasons, when costs are necessarily higher 
than usual, selling prices have a tendency to go lower. 

The following tables, showing the decline in prices of cotton spin- 
ning machinery in recent years, were compiled from the records of 
American manufacturers and of importers of English machinery: 

Table 28. — -Highest and Lowest Selling Prices op Standard American-Made 
40-Inch Revolving Top Flat Cards, Drawing Frames, Roving Frames, and 
Ring Spinning Frames, 1897 to 1914. 



Years. 


40-inch card, 
per card. 


Drawing frame, 
per delivery. 


Roving frame, 
per spindle. 


Ring spinning 
frame, per spindle. 




Highest. 


Lowest. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


1897 


$675. 00 
675.00 
675.00 
675.00 
680. 00 
675.00 
675.00 
675.00 
675.00 
675. 00 
744.00 
725.00 
700.00 
689.00 
650. 00 
610. 00 
500. 00 
500. 00 


$589. 00 
598. 00 
584.00 
633.00 
644. 00 
566. 00 
577.00 
428. 00 
456. 00 
537.00 
572.00 
528.00 
500. 00 
400.00 
400.00 
375.00 
400.00 
400.00 


$75. 00 
73.22 
75.00 
75.00 
75.00 
75.00 
75.00 
75.00 
75.00 
75.00 
77.00 
75.00 
75.00 
79.00 
75.00 
75.00 
73.65 
65.00 


$68. 51 
67.54 
70.47 
71.50 
73.43 
58.20 
63. 16 
50.11 
43.14 
56.15 
66.00 
51.42 
53.25 
45.00 
40.00 
40.00 
45.00 
42.50 


$6.60 
7.85 
7.68 
7.88 
7.98 
7.19 
6.97 
6.50 
6.88 
7.10 
7.57 
7.36 
7.46 
7.28 
7.26 
5.50 
5.50 
4.90 


$6.50 
6.57 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
5.16 
5.89 
6.50 
6.06 
6.47 
6.29 
5.35 
5.79 
4.85 
4.20 
4.61 


$3.25 
3.14 
3.25 
3.39 
3.40 
3.25 
3.25 
3.21 
3.12 
3.26 
3.53 
4.02 
3.25 
3.40 
3.45 
3.10 
3.10 
2.70 


$3.12 


1898 


2.98 


1899 


3.16 


1900 


3.25 


1901 


3.25 


1902 


3.05 


1903 


3.00 


1904 


1.93 


1905 


2.32 


1906 


2.86 


1907 


2.84 


1908 


2.74 


1909 


2.23 


1910 


2.20 


1911 


1.87 


1912 


1.30 


1913 


1.30 


1914 


1.39 







Table 29. — Comparative Selling Prices F. O. B. Boston op 40-Inch Revolving 
Top Flat Cards, 27-Inch Dofper, Clothed, of American and English Manu- 
facture, 1908 to 1914. 





Three principal American manufac- 
turers. 


Six principal English manufacturers. 


Years. 


Cards 
manu- 
factured. 


Selling prices f. o. b. Boston. 


Cards 
im- 
ported. 


Selling prices f. o. b. Boston. 




Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


1908 


2,622 
3,642 
3,579 
2,415 
2,610 
2,405 
1,963 


$725. 00 
700.00 
689. 00 
650.00 
610.00 
500.00 
500. 00 


$528. 00 
500. 00 
400. 00 
400. 00 
375.00 
400. 00 
400. 00 


$616. 77 
587. 70 
578. 91 
547. 87 
478. 09 
477. 36 
439. 24 


(«) 

301 

279 

105 

49 

13 

12 


$797. 50 
792. 50 
677. 50 
675. 00 
725. 00 

6 650. 00 
680. 00 


$570. 00 
550. 00 
500. 00 
500.00 
542.00 
475. 00 
475.00 


$641 25 


1909 




1910 




1911 


650 00 


1912 


600 00 


1913 


600 00 


1914 


582 00 






Total 


19,236 








759 























o Not reported. 



* No sales of highest-priced cards. 



SELLING METHODS, PRICES, AND CONDITIONS. 



57 



Table 30. — Comparative Selling Prices, per Delivery F. O. B. Boston, op 
English and American Drawing Frames, 1908 to 1915. 





English. 


American. 


Years. 


Standard rolls, not metal- 
lic. 


Metallic rolls. 


Leather-covered rolls. 




Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


1908 


$76.00 
65.50 
64.00 
61.00 
68.00 
68.50 
60.00 
58.25 


$65.00 
60.00 
60.50 
55.75 
57.25 
68.50 
58.00 
54.00 


$69.00 
61.54 
62.25 
58.50 
62.00 
68.50 
59.00 
56.00 


$75. 00 
75.00 
79.00 
75.00 
75.00 
73.65 
65.00 


$60.00 
58.33 
45. 00 
40.00 
42.00 
45.00 
42.50 


$66.00 
65.00 
64.00 
62.00 
53.00 
57.00 
55.00 


$67. 91 
60.00 
60.00 
60.00 
50.00 
50.00 
60.00 


$51. 42 
53.25 
49.00 
50.00 
40.00 
46.94 
50.00 


$64 00 


1909 


59 00 


1910 


52 00 


1911 


57 77 


1912 


44 00 


1913 


48 16 


1914 


57 50 


1915 



















Table 31. — Comparative Selling Prices, per Spindle, F. O. B. Boston, of 
Ring Spinning Frames Having 240 Spindles Each, 3^-Inch Gauge, 1908 to 
1915. 



Years. 


English. 


American. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


1908 


$4. 62| 
4.53 
4.19 
3.95 
4.20 
4.49 
3.80 
4.07 


$4. 62J 
3.97 
3.55 
3.85 
3.54 
4.27 
3.62 
3.58 


$4. 624 
4.25 
4.04J 
3.90 
3.83 
4.38 
3.71 
3. 63 h 


$4.02 
3.70 
3.40 
3.45 
3.10 
3.10 
2.70 


$2.97 
2.68 
2.65 
2.40 
1.75 
1.75 
1.84 


$3 52 


1909 


3 07 


1910 


3 14 


1911 


2 63 


1912 


2.33 


1913 


2.26 


1914 


2 16 


1915 













Table 32. — Comparative Selling Prices per Spindle, F. O. B. Boston, of 
Ring Spinning Frames Having 208 Spindles Each, 2|-Inch Gauge, 1908 to 
1915. 



Years. 


English. 


American. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


1908 


$4. 12J 
3.93 
3.74 
3.52 
3.73 
4.00 
3.38 
3.54 


$4. m 
3.54 
3.54 
3.42J 
3.15 
3.80 
3.22 
3.05 


$4. 12J 
3.80 
3.61 
3.47 
3.90 
3.30 
3.16 


$3.15 
3.25 
2.95 
3.00 
2.65 
2.65 
2.25 


$2.74 
2.23 
2.20 
1.87 
1.30 
1.30 
1.39 


$2 95 


1909 


2 62 


1910 


2 67 


1911 


2 14 


1912 


1 75 


1913 


1 81 


1914 


1 61 


1915 















CHAPTER VII. 
WORKING CONDITIONS. 

The general working conditions were found to be good in all the 
establishments visited. The men appeared to be well treated and 
seemed to be contented and to like their work. In some plants 
there were men who have been employed there continuously for 
50 years or more. 

The fact that no strikes of any importance have occurred in this 
industry is convincing proof of the ability of the administrative 
officers to understand and direct labor. Of the plants visited none 
has the reputation of being a "drive shop." Many things are done 
for the welfare of the workmen. The plants are clean, light, and 
in every way sanitary, adding much to the efficiency of the shop as 
well as to the convenience and the health of the workmen. The 
machinery is well protected, and the danger of accident reduced to 
a minimum. Where dust, filings, and other dangerous substances 
are found, blowing systems have been installed to carry them away. 
In the brass foundries, where dangerous gases are formed, it is 
customary to change the men every two weeks, those relieved re- 
turning to the iron foundry, from which they had come. While at 
work in the brass foundry their pay is increased, and on account of 
the increased pay, a molder is considered fortunate to get such work, 
the exposure to the gases not being long enough to endanger his 
health. In some places good houses are furnished for the married 
workmen at a rental much below the average local rates. In two 
cases hotels have been built for the accommodation of workmen 
with no families. 

OCCUPATIONS. 

The employees in this industry are mostly men. So few women 
are employed that they have not been included in the following 
tables. Most of the operatives in the shops are machine hands. 
Very few journeymen mechanics are employed, and these are largely 
engaged in tool and plant repairs. The introduction of many auto- 
matic and semiautomatic machines, and of machine molds in the 
foundries, has permitted the use of unskilled and semiskilled men 
and has reduced the number of journeymen machinists and skilled 
hand molders to a minimum. In both shop and foundry some em- 
ployes work at time and others at piece rates, though the time 
workers greatly predominate. 

Below is given a list of the principal occupations and a short 
description of the work performed in each: 

Annealers and helpers, who temper the metal aDd do much of the heavy lifting, etc. 
Bench and machine hands, generally employed on special work, such as making 
* fliers. Some of this work is done by hand and some with semiautomatic tools. 
Blacksmiths and helpers, to do ordinary blacksmith work in the plant. 

58 



WORKING CONDITIONS. 59 

Brush and comb makers, who manufacture brushes and combs used as parts of the 

machine produced. 
Card clothiers and grinders, who attach the card clothing to the cylinders and top flats 

of the card, also grind the wire points of this clothing so that the completed machine 

will be properly adjusted. 
Casting cleaners, who receive the rough castings from the foundry and scrape off 

sand and rough particles of metal before the castings are sent to the polishing room. 
Core makers. Foundry workers who make cores for molding purposes. 
Cupola hands. Workmen at the cupola. 
Draftsmen, generally employed in the manufacturing office to design and correct 

plans for new and old machines. 
Electricians and helpers, employed principally upon plant repairs. 
Engineers, employed in the power house of the plant. 
Erectors and helpers, who assemble the machines manufactured and see that each 

machine is in perfect running order before it is taken apart and packed for shipment. 
Erectors and helpers, outside, who are sent to the cotton mill to unpack and erect 

the machinery upon the floor of the mill and see that it is working satisfactorily 

before they leave. 
Janitor and watchman, at office and plant. 

Laborers, who may be employed at heavy work in either yard, shop, or foundry. 
Machine hands; in most cases semiskilled men employed to run the different pro- 
ducing machines in the shop, namely, lathes and similar machines, planing and 

milling machines, top flat machines. 
Machine hands, automatic, the same as machine hands, except that they run automatic 

or semiautomatic machines. 
Machinists and helpers, journeymen machinists employed mostly in tool room and 

plant repair work. 
Masons, both stone and brick masons employed in plant repair work. 
Molders, hand, foundry molders using hand instead of machine methods. 
Molders and helpers, machine, who operate molding machines and do no hand molding. 
Painters. Most of the painting in this industry is done by the dipping process. The 

men doing this work are called painters, though they are in reality dippers, with 

the exception of a few painters employed in plant repair work. 
Pattern makers and helpers, who are engaged in making wood and metal patterns for 

the foundry. 
Plumbers, employed in plant repair work. 
Polishers and grinders, who receive the castings from the casting cleaners and polish 

and grind the surfaces to be machined. 
Roll cover ers, who cover metal rolls with a leather surface. 
Storekeepers, in charge of the storerooms. 

Tinsmiths, who make certain parts of the machines where tin and sheet iron are used. 
Woodworkers and carpenters, who do the necessary woodwork on the machines made. 

The carpenters are employed principally on plant repair work. 

EARNINGS. 

Tables 33 to 38 show for the more important occupations in each 
establishment reported upon, and for all combined, the net earnings, 
length of average working day and of full-time week, and the average 
earnings per week. The average working hours per day and in a 
full-time week were based on representative weekly pay rolls and not 
on the average for the year for the plant. 



60 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



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full-time 
weekly 
earnings. 


$7.84 
8.42 
7.64 
7.00 

9.73 
10.86 
10.35 
13.36 
13.21 

14.33 
10.32 
12.54 
9.90 
15.20 
10.38 
10.25 
11.71 

18.29 
8.42 

15.98 

11.02 
9.87 

11.30 

9.46 
10.20 
10.83 
10.73 

8.84 
12.22 1 


Average 

rate of 

wages 

per 

hour. 


$0. 142 
.153 
.142 
.140 

.168 
.210 
.186 
.234 
.232 

.247 
.178 
.235 
.198 
.275 
.190 
.194 
.218 

.315 
.145 
.309 
.193 
.173 
.198 

.163 

.197 
.209 
.188 
.155 
.214 


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full-time 

hours 
per 

week. 


55.30 
55.00 
53.90 
50.00 

58.00 
51.67 
55.60 
57.00 
57.00 

58.00 
58.00 
53.33 
49.90 
55.20 
54.80 
52.80 
53.70 

58.00 
58.00 
51.67 
57.00 
57.00 
57.00 

58.00 
51.67 
51.67 
57.00 
57.00 
57.00 


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Average 
full-time 
weekly 
earnings. 


88.10 
8.39 
6.86 
8.68 

14.37 

7.94 
13.18 

8.57 
11.17 

8.41 
13.94 

9.14 

11.76 
8.95 

13.15 
8.90 

12.35 
9.94 

14.93 

10.68 

10.93 
8.87 

11.65 
9.83 

10.38 
9,98 

11.41 

10.54 

11.08 
9.09 

11.42 
8.02 


Average 

rate of 

wages 

per 

hour. 


$0. 140 
.153 
.152 
.158 

.248 
.139 
.240 
.162 
.248 
.154 
.254 
.167 

.207 
.156 
.252 
.179 
.232 
.176 
.278 
.198 

.191 
.154 
.217 
.192 
.192 
180 
.213 
.201 

.191 
.157 
.212 
.173 


Average 
full-time 

hours 
per 

week. 


58.00 
55.00 
45.00 
55.00 

58.00 
57.00 
55.00 
52.80 
45.00 
54.60 
54.80 
54.70 

56.90 
57.40 
52.30 
49.60 
53.20 
56.60 
53.70 
53.90 

57.20 
57.50 
53.60 
51.30 
54.00 
55. 40 
53.50 
52.50 

58.00 
58.00 
53.80 
46.40 


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66 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEEY INDUSTRY. 



Table 34. — Net Earnings, Length of Average Working Day and of Full- 
Time Week, and Average Earnings Per Week of Machine Hands in Cotton- 
Spinning Machinery Plants, 1906, 1908, 1910, and 1914. 





Earnings per hour. 


Average 
working 

hours 
per day. 


Average 
working 
hours in 
full-time 
week. 


Average 
earnings 


Years and establishments. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


in full- 
time 
week. 


1906. 


Cents. 
27.5 
25 
26 
25 
30 


Cents. 
8 

10 
9 
9 
5 


Cents. 
16.46 
15.24 
15.94 
14.68 
15.25 


H. TO. 

9 40 
9 10 
9 40 
9 40 

9 40 


H. TO. 

58 00 
55 00 
58 00 
58 00 
58 00 


$9.55 


No. 2 


8.38 


No. 3 


9.25 




8.51 


No. 6 


8.85 








30 


5 


15. 60 


9 34 


57 24 


8.95 






1908. 
No. 1 


35 

26 

26 

26.5 

30 


11 
12 
11 

12 

7 


17.89 
16.91 
18.36 
18.21 
18.03 


7 30 
9 10 

7 30 
9 10 

8 37 


45 00 
55 00 
45 00 
55 00 
51 40 


8.05 


No. 2 


9.30 


No. 3 


8.26 


No. 5 


10.02 


No. 6 


9.32 








35 


7 


17.94 


8 16 


49 36 


8.90 






1910. 
No. 1 


32.5 

30.5 
20 

26.5 
39 


12 
10 
13 

8 
8 


17.52 
16.92 
16.35 
17.00 
17.90 


9 40 
9 10 
9 10 
7 30 
9 30 


58 00 
55 00 
55 00 
45 00 
57 00 


10.16 


No. 2 


9.31 


No. 3 


8.99 


No. 5 


7.65 


No. 6 


10.20 








39 


8 


17.57 


9 26 


56 36 


9.94 






1914. 
No. 1 


35 

31.5 

37 

29 

39 


15 
11 

16 
16 

8 


19.60 
18.47 
21.75 
20.71 
20.31 


8 20 
8 20 

8 20 

9 10 
9 30 


50 00 

50 00 
50 00 
55 00 

57 00 


9.80 


No. 2 


9.24 


No. 3 


10.88 


No. 5 


11.39 


No. 6 


11.58 








39 


8 


19.82 


8 59 


53 54 


10.68 







WORKING CONDITIONS. 



67 



Table 35. — Net Earnings, Length op Average Working Dat and of Full- 
Time Week, and Average Earnings Per Week of Machine Hands Operating 
Automatic Machines in Cotton-Spinning Machinery Plants, 1906, 1908, 1910 
and 1914. 





Earnings per hour. 


Average 
working 

hours 
per day. 


Average 
working 
hours in 
full-time 
week. 


Average 
earnings 
in full- 
time 
week. 


Years and establishments. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


1906. 
No. 2 


Cents. 
25 
25 

22.5 
35 


Cents. 
9 
9 
8 
10 


Cents. 
16.13 
14.66 
14.59 
17. 46 


H. m. 
9 10 

9 40 
9 40 
9 40 


H. m. 

55 00 
58 00 
58 00 
58 00 


$8.87 


No. 3 


No. 5 




No. 6 


10 13 








35 


8 


15.42 


9 35 


57 30 








1908. 
No. 2 


23.5 
30 
26.5 
32 


11 
12 
12 
11 


16.36 
18.90 
19.76 
19.10 


9 10 

7 30 
9 10 

8 37 


55 00 
45 00 
55 00 
51 40 




No. 3 


8 51 


No. 5 


10 87 


No. 6 


9 87 








32 


11 


19.17 


8 33 


51 18 


9 83 






1910. 
No. 1 


22 

27.5 

26 

28 

35 


14 
10 
11 

10 
12 


17.63 

15.04 
17.24 
17.63 
19.97 


9 40 
9 10 
9 10 
7 30 
9 30 


58 00 
55 00 
55 00 
45 00 

57 00 


10 23 


No. 2 


8 27 


No. 3 


9.48 


No. 5 


7 93 


No. 6 


11 38 








35 


10 


18.02 


9 14 


55 24 


9 98 






1914. 
No. 1 


28.5 

30 

34 

18 

32 


15 
12 
13 
10 
10 


19.88 
17.56 
20.92 
16.00 
21.71 


8 20 
8 20 

8 20 

9 10 
9 30 


50 00 

50 00 
50 00 
55 00 
57 00 


9.94 


No. 2 


8.78 


No. 3 


10 46 


No. 5 


8.80 


No. 6 


12.37 






All establishments 


34 


10 


20.07 


8 45 


52 30 


10.54 







Table 36. — Net Earnings, Length of Average Working Day and of Full- 
Time Week, and Average Earnings Per Week of Machine Hands Operating 
Lathe Machines in Cotton-Spinning Machinery Plants, 1906, 1908, 1910, 
and 1914. 





Earnings per hour. 


Average 
working 

hours 
per day. 


Average 
working 
hours in 
full-time 
week. 


Average 
earnings 
in full- 
time 
week. 


Years and establishments. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


1906. 
No. 3 


Cents. 
36.22 
22.5 
23.33 


Cents. 
8 
10 
12.5 


Cents. 
15.77 
15.40 
14.94 


H. m. 
9 40 
9 40 
9 40 


77. m. 

58 00 
58 00 
58 00 


$9.15 




8.93 


No. 6 


8.67 








36.22 


8 


15.68 


9 40 


58 00 


9.09 






1908. 
No. 3 


28 

26.5 

30 


9 
17 
14 


17.04 
20.00 
18.10 


7 30 
9 10 

8 37 


45 00 
55 00 
51 40 


7.67 


No. 5 


11.00 


No. 6 


9.35 








30 


9 


17.28 


7 44 


46 24 


8.02 






1910. 
No. 3 


28.45 

30 

37 


10 
17 
9 


17.36 

23.75 
17.46 


9 10 
7 30 
9 30 


55 00 

45 00 
57 00 


9.55 


No. 5 


10.69 


No. 6 


9.95 








37 


9 


17.43 


9 13 


55 18 


9.64 






1914. 
No. 3 


35 
30 
30 


15 
21 
15 


20.74 
26.33 
19.72 


8 20 

9 10 
9 30 


50 00 
55 00 
57 00 


10.37 


No. 5 


14.48 


No. 6 


11.24 






All establishments 


35 


15 


20.55 


8 42 


52 12 


10.73 







68 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEKY INDUSTRY. 



Table 37. — Net Earnings, Length of Average Working Day and op Full- 
Time Week, and Average Earnings Per Week op Machine Hands Operating 
Planing and Milling Machines in'Cotton-Spinning Machinery Plants, 1906, 
1908, 1910, and 1914. 





Earnings per hour. 


Average 
working 

hours 
per day. 


Average 
working 
hours in 
full-time 
week. 


Average 
earnings 


Years and establishments. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


in full- 
time 
week. 


1906. 
No. 2 


Cents. 
23 
30 
25 
27.5 


Cents. 

12 
7 
7 

10 


Cents. 
14.62 
17.06 
15.54 
16.34 


H. m. 
9 10 
9 40 
9 40 
9 40 


H. m. 

55 00 
58 00 
58 00 
58 00 


8S.04 


No. 3 


9.89 


No. 5 


9.01 


No. 6 


9.48 








30 


7 


16.51 


9 39 


57 54 


9 56 






1908. 
No. 2 


35 
35 
29 
30 


9 
15 
12 

15 


16.83 
20.58 
18.29 
17.87 


9 10 

7 30 
9 10 

8 37 


55 00 
45 00 
55 00 
51 40 


9.26 


No. 3 


9.26 


No. 5 


10.06 


No. 6 


9.23 








35 


9 


18.22 


8 43 


52 18 


9.53 






1910. 
No. 2 


25 
33 
29 
32 


10 
12 
10 
14 


16.36 
19.77 
18.04 
19.39 


9 10 
9 10 
7 30 
9 30 


55 00 
55 00 
45 00 
57 00 


9.00 


No. 3 


10.87 


No. 5 


8.12 


No. 6 


11.05 








33 


10 


18.61 


8 56 


53 36 


9.97 






1914. 
No. 2 


25 
38 
29 
32 


13 

16 
14 
12 


17.89 
22.08 
18.55 
20.58 


8 20 

8 20 

9 10 
9 30 


50 00 
50 00 
55 00 
57 00 


8.95 


No. 3 


11.04 


No. 5 


10.20 


No. 6 


11.73 








38 


12 


20.11 


8 48 


52 48 


10.62 







Table 38. — Net Earnings, Length of Average Working Day and of Full- 
Time Week, and Average Earnings Per Week of Machine Hands Operating 
Top Flat Machines in Cotton-Spinning Machinery Plants, 1906, 1908, 1910, 
and 1914. 





Earnings per hour. 


Average 
working 

hours 
per day. 


Average 
working 
hours in 
full-time 
week. 


Average 
earnings 


Years and establishments. 


Highest. 


Lowest. 


Average. 


in full- 
time 
week. 


1906. 
No. 1 


Cents. 
25 
20 


Cents. 
12 
8 


Cents. 
16.75 
13.92 


H. m. 
9 40 
9 40 


H. 778. 

58 00 
58 00 


$9.72 


No. 5 


8.10 








25 


8 


15.08 


9 40 


58 00 


8.75 






1908. 
No. L. 


30 
24 


14 
16 


20.56 
19.83 


7 30 
9 10 


45 00 
55 00 


9.25 


No. 5 


10.91 








30 


14 


20.36 


7 57 


47 42 


9.71 






1910. 
No. 1 


30 
24 


14 
16 


19.05 
19.83 


9 40 
7 30 


58 00 
45 00 


11.05 


No. 5 


8.92 








30 


14 


19.23 


9 10 


55 00 


10.58 






1914. 
No. 1 


35 
24 


16 
12 


21.17 

18.75 


8 20 

9 10 


50 00 
55 00 


10.59 


No. 5 


10.31 








35 


12 


20.20 


8 40 


52 00 


10.50 













WORKING CONDITIONS. 



69 



Table No. 39 shows the per cent of increase or decrease in hours, 
rates of wages, and weekly earnings. The only decreases in wage rates 
for 1914 as compared with 1906 are for annealers and helpers and 
electricians and helpers. There are so few employees in each of 
these occupations that this decrease might be occasioned by an 
increase in the proportion of helpers, naturally reducing the average 
rate. The greatest increase is 84.56 per cent, shown for storekeepers. 
This occupation shows an increased rate for each period, which is 
explained by the fact that the manufacturers are becoming from 
period to period more interested in better storekeeping methods and 
are employing higher-class men. 

The smallest per cent of increase shown, with the exception of the 
increase for roll coverers and plumbers, occupations employing so 
few hands that they may be left out of the discussion, was for pattern 
makers, and amounts to 11.03 per cent, comparing 1914 with 1906. 
Pattern makers have always received higher wages than most of the 
other employees. In 1906 at five plants they and their helpers aver- 
aged $0,235 per hour, and in 1914 $0,261. 



Table 39. — Per Cent op Increase or Decrease in Full-Time Hours per Week, 
Rates of Wages per Hour, and Full-Time Weekly Earnings in the Prin- 
cipal Occupations, 1914, Compared with 1906, 1908, and 1910. 



Occupations. 



Full-time hours per 
week, higher (+) or 
lower (— ) in — 



1914 
than 



1906. 



1914 
than 



1908. 



1914 
than 



1910. 



Rate of wages per 
hour, higher (+) or 
lower ( — ) in — 



1914 
than 



1900. 



1914 
than 



1908. 



1914 
than 



1910. 



Full-time weekly earn- 
ings, higher (+) or 
lower (— ) in — 



1914 
than 



1906. 



1914 
than 



1914 
than 



Annealers and helpers 

Bench and machine hands... 

Blacksmiths and helpers 

Brush and comb makers 

Card clothiers and grinders . . 

Casting cleaners 

Core makers 

Cupola hands 

Draftsmen 

Electricians and helpers 

Erectors and helpers 

Erectors and helpers, out- 
side 

Janitors and watchmen 

Laborers 

Machine hands 

Machine hands, automatic. . . 

Machine hands, lathe 

Machine hands, planing and 
milling 

Machine hands, top flat 

Machinists and helpers 

Masons 

Molders and helpers, machine 

Painters 

Pattern makers and helpers. . 

Plumbers 

Polishers and grinders 

Power-plant employees 

Roll coverers 

Storekeepers 

Tinsmiths 

Woodworkers and carpenters 



Per ct. 

- 9.58 
1.72 

- 7.59 

- 1.72 

- 1.72 
9.31 

- 5.17 
2.76 

10.41 

- 6.38 

- 8.65 

- 8.66 

- 5.17 

- 4.01 

- 6.10 

- 8.70 
-10.00 

- 8.81 
■10.34 
-10.65 
-10.86 

- 9.66 

- 8.70 

- 4.70 

- 5.17 
• 6.60 
-10.80 

- 9.09 

- 2.93 

- 6.60 

- 6.26 



Per ct. 
- 9.09 
+ 10.25 
+ 7.41 



+ 10.25 
+ 8.90 
+ 5.77 
+ 4.44 
- 3.97 
-12.73 
+ 3.94 

+ 2.38 
.00 
+ 3.60 
+ 8.67 
+ 2.34 
+ 12.50 

h .95 
+ 9.01 
+ 4.44 



Per ct. 
- 7.24 
+ 2.52 
2.19 
.00 
.00 

- 5.57 
2.31 

+ 7.22 
3.97 
6.38 
2.58 

2.82 
+ 22.22 
+ -11 

4.77 

- 5.23 

- 5.61 

- 1.49 

- 5.45 

- 4.78 



+ 4.38 
+ 6.09 
+ 7.25 
.00 
+ 8.03 
+ 4.35 
- 9.09 
+ 2.36 
+ 1.75 
+ 6.31 



- 2.55 
5.06 

+ 2.05 
+22. 22 

- 3.93 

- 8.03 



+25.11 
- 5.59 
-2.88 



Per ct. 
- 1.27 
+38. 16 
+22. 52 
+36. 66 
+31.45 
+ 12.69 
+21.80 
+ 12.02 
+ 27.66 
12.69 
+29.79 

+ 32.74 
+ 13.04 
+ 19.96 
+ 27.05 
+30. 16 
+31.06 

+ 21.80 
+34.22 
+ 17.11 
+28.35 
+40. 94 
+21.07 
+ 11.03 
+ 6.00 
+ 17.66 
+ 9.99 
+ 1.00 
+84.56 
+24. 21 
+25.99 



Per ct. 
- 8.56 
+ 10.33 
+ 9.93 



+ 2.39 
+ 6.42 
+ 4.93 
+ 13.21 
+ 26.84 
5.56 
+ 11.92 

+22.91 
+ 3.41 
2.96 
+ 11.35 
+ 4.69 
+ 18.92 

+ 10.37 
- .79 
+ 6.08 



Per ct. 
- 1.20 
+24. 50 
+15.09 
+ 2.59 
+ 13.92 
+ 8.29 
+ 9.86 
+ 5.42 
+ 34.20 
+ 4.54 
+22. 15 

+ 20.82 
+ 3.54 
+ 8.44 
+ 13.39 
+ 11.38 
+ 17.90 

+ 8.06 
+ 5.04 
+ 10.59 



+ 21.61 
4.10 
h .15 
.00 
+ 8.43 
+ 8.29 
+ 3.73 
+77.71 
+ 12.75 
+ 12.23 



+ 15.11 

12.84 

- 4.01 

.00 

+ 8.37 
+ 2.99 



+57. 14 

16.60 

+ 8.65 



Per ct. 
-10.71 
+ 35.77 
+ 13.47 
+34. 20 
+29. 18 
+ 2.18 
+ 15.54 
+ 8.88 
+ 14.36 
18.27 
+ 19.46 

+ 21.24 

+ 7.16 
+ 15.11 
+ 19.33 
+ 18.83 
+ 18.04 

+ 11.09 
+20. 00 
+ 4.63 
+ 14.40 
+27.41 
+ 10.57 
+ 5.79 
+ .55 
+ 9.89 

- 1.85 

- 8.09 
+79.31 
+ 16.02 

18.10 



Per ct. 
-16.86 
+ 21.64 
+ 18.28 
+ 2.54 
+ 12.83 
+ 15.91 
+ 11.02 
+ 18.26 
+ 21.80 
- 6.77 
+ 16.39 

+25.81 
+ 3.46 
+ 6.65 
+ 20.00 
+ 7.22 
+33.79 

+ 11.44 
+ 8.14 
+ 10.76 



+26.99 
+ 10.32 
+ 7.39 
.00 
+ 17.12 
+ 13.01 
- 5.68 
+81.94 
+ 14.70 
+ 19.35 



Per ct. 

- 8.38 
+27.63 
+ 12.81 
+ .00 
+ 13.89 
+ 2.18 
+ 7.33 
+ 12.98 
+28.89 

- 2.15 
+ 17.08 

+ 17.36 
+26.53 
+ 8.68 
+ 7.44 
+ 5.61 
+ 11.31 

+ 6.52 

- .66 
+ 5.32 



+ 10.14 

- 7.04 

- 2.06 
+ 22.21 
+ 4. IS 

- 5.27 



+96.67 
+ 10.14 
+ 5.50 



70 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

WELFARE OF EMPLOYEES. 
WHITIN MACHINE WORKS, WHITINSVILLE, MASS. 

The Whitin Machine Works is one of the early established indus- 
tries of New England, and has had a steady and consistent growth 
over a long period of years. In the early part of the nineteenth 
century small quantities of iron ore found in this vicinity were 
worked up into agricultural implements by a small blacksmith 
shop located here. One of the early cotton mills was shortly after- 
wards founded at Whitinsville, and the call for textile machinery 
and tools was responsible for the development of the small foundry 
equipment here into a machine shop. The Whitin Machine Works 
date from 1833, when this first shop was built. 

The village of Whitinsville has about 5,000 people and is part of 
the town of Northbridge. Its prosperity is dependent entirely upon 
the success and growth of the Whitin Machine Works, the only 
other industries there being one small mill and a small shop for the 
manufacture of spinning rings. 

Touching briefly upon the history of the concern, it might be 
stated that it was started by a member of the Whitin family, and 
has remained under the control of this family ever since. The owners 
have always lived in Whitinsville, being part of the community and 
interested in all its varying developments and activities. To a large 
extent its freedom from labor troubles and the prosperity and con- 
tentment of the people may be attributed to the community interest 
existing between the owners and the workmen. 

The early prosperity of the shop was largely due to the inventive 
ability of Mr. John C. Whitin, who was one of the first to develop 
certain machines that enter into the organization of the cotton mill. 

The first labor employed was native American, to which, in due 
course, were added Scotch, English, Irish, and in later years French 
Canadian, Dutch, and Nova Scotian . Still later some German, Polish, 
and Scandinavian families were employed, and very recently for some 
foundry work, Armenians. 

Owing to the isolated situation of Whitinsville, which is not near 
any large city, it has been necessary for the Whitin Machine Works 
to build, to a large extent, the houses necessary for the employees. 
From the very beginning there has been a continuous development 
in this respect, most of the early dwellings having been torn down 
and replaced by houses of more modern construction. The manage- 
ment has tried to follow the principle of building as comfortable a 
house as it seemed feasible to rent at a low figure. In other words, 
it is the aim to make the cost of living in the village as low as possible, 
encouraging the workmen to settle down there and become useful 
citizens in the community. A large proportion of the houses are 
occupied by native Americans, Dutch, English, and Irish. 

There are 677 dwelling houses, and in addition, to take care of the 
single men, there are three boarding houses and one hotel, which 
furnish accommodations for approximately 300. The rents vary 
from $4 to $9 per month. The $4 houses have five, six, and seven 
rooms, while the $9 house is built for two families, has eight rooms, 
and includes bath, electric lights, furnace, and other modern improve- 



WORKING CONDITIONS. 71 

ments. Water is supplied without charge, and the town has a sewer 
system, with which all tenements are connected. It is possible for 
the tenant of a $4 house to have electric lights installed at an extra 
charge of 25 or 50 cents a month, according to size of the house. 
The nouses, in general, are heated by hot-air furnaces. A workman 
can have a well-appointed modern dwelling equipped with electric 
lights, furnace, and running water and connected with the sewerage 
for an average of $6.50 per month. 

It has been the policy of the corporation to avoid, if possible, enter- 
ing into the field of private business, but to keep prices down it has 
been found advisable to furnish coal and wood to the village inhabi- 
tants. The Whitin Machine Works sell these supplies at cost plus 
freight and delivery charges. The electric car line, which is con- 
trolled by the corporation, supplies workman's tickets at the rate of 
2 \ cents a ride. 

This welfare work of the corporation extends also in another direc- 
tion, that is, in the care of the houses. All the streets, being private, 
are kept up by the Whitin Machine Works, lawns are mowed, shrub- 
bery and trees planted and cared for, and every encouragement is 
offered to employees to make their homes look attractive. 

No part of the village has been set aside for any particular class of 
people. The houses are assigned, as far as possible, in the order in 
which the applications are received, also taking into consideration 
the length of service of the employee. The arrangement of the houses, 
and their location, bordering on two or three ponds, make the condi- 
tions healthy and desirable in every respect. There are excellent 
schools, many churches, and the town is a self-governing community 
which is free from strife and racial jealousies, although there are 
probably 11 nationalities represented. 

In busy times as many as 3,300 people are employed. Under fair 
conditions the average number is approximately 2,500, many of 
whom come from the neighboring farms and villages. The majority 
of the people occupying the houses have been in the employ of the 
corporation from 20 to 25 years. 

In the history of the concern there have been no labor troubles 
involving a strike. There was some trouble in the foundry depart- 
ment several years ago, the Armenian element refusing to work with 
one or two Turks. This, however, was amicably adjusted after a 
few days, and with this exception the relations of the employers and 
employees have been most friendly and pleasant. 

The company takes much pride in the town organization. The 
dwelling-house property does not pay an adequate return on the 
amount of money employed on an investment basis, but the comfort 
of the employees with the accompanying good will toward the com- 
pany, which contributes very materially to its success, more than 
compensates for any loss on the investment. 

SACO-LOWELL SHOPS, NEWTON UPPER FALLS, MASS. 

This establishment has recently made a good beginning in welfare 
work and elaborate plans have been made for its extension as soon as 
there is a revival in the industry. About a year ago a large hotel 
building of concrete was constructed, with all modern conveniences. 



72 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

It has accommodation for about 75 lodgers, and the dining room can 
accommodate about 150 persons. The rooms are nearly all designed 
for occupancy by one person each, although the corner rooms are 
larger and have accommodations for two persons. Throughout the 
hotel, in the kitchen, dining room, bedrooms, and in the lavatories, 
the latest sanitary appliances have been installed. The interior 
walls are painted and there are no surfaces anywhere in any of the 
rooms of the hotel where dust and dirt can accumulate. Everything 
was found to be immaculately clean. 

The hotel is used exclusively by male employees of this and other 
establishments in the town. The prices for room and board are $5.50 
per week for the single rooms, and $5 each per week for persons occu- 
pying double rooms. Persons not in the employ of the Saco-Lowell 
shops must pay $1 more. 

Attached to the hotel is a large modern steam laundry with all the 
latest appliances. This laundry is used not only to accommodate 
persons in the employ of the company, but it also does a general 
laundry business for other people in the town at the regular rates. 

Another building connected with this establishment contains a 
club room, dance hall, bowling alley, pool rooms, and boathouses. 
When visited, one of the rooms was used as a schoolroom. The boat- 
house contains a large number of canoes and rowboats owned by the 
company, which are rented at reasonable rates to employees and 
others in the town. It is also used as a storage place for privately 
owned boats. These conveniences are for general use of the people 
in the town, but the employees pay 20 per cent less for the privileges. 

The company also owns about 40 dwelling houses which it rents to 
its employees at a rate of about $2 per month per room; that is, 
rents vary from $8 per month for a four-room house to about $12 per 
month for one of six or seven rooms. Nearly all of the houses are 
detached modern one-family frame dwellings, a few being semi- 
detached. Those within the city proper have water and sewer con- 
nection and other city conveniences, the toilets in all cases being 
within the dwellings. Those outside the town limits, which do not 
have these conveniences, are occupied by foreigners and the rents are 
cheaper. 

The company recently employed a landscape gardener and archi- 
tect who devised a very elaborate town plan for a new section which 
is now vacant land owned by the company. This plan provides for 
extensive parking, tree planting, water and sewer connections, a 
large playground and athletic field, and as soon as the industry re- 
vives it is the intention of the company to carry out the design. 

The company derives a net income of from 1 to 2 per cent on the 
housing investment. The indirect benefits derived from providing 
these housing and other accommodations more than compensate, 
however, for any direct financial loss, and it will be the policy to 
extend this welfare work to other plants as soon as practicable. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TEXTILE MACHINERY. 

IMPORTS. 

The tariff act at present in force shows the following classification 
of textile machinery with the import duty thereon : 

Textile machinery: Percent. 

Embroidering and lace-making machines, including machines for making 

lace curtains, nets, or nettings 25 

Jute manufacturing machinery 20 

All other 20 

Card clothing, not actually and permanently fitted to and attached to carding 
machines, or parts of, manufactured with — 

Round iron or untempered round steel wire 10 

Tempered round steel wire 35 

Plated wire, or other than round iron or steel wire, or with felt-face, wool- 
face, or rubber-face cloth containing wool 35 

The cotton textile machines from the bale opener to the spinning 
frame, such as would enter into competition with the machines made 
in the establishments covered by this investigation, are included 
among others in the class designated above as "All other." 

Since it is impossible, therefore, to obtain from the published 
statistics of imports any figures which would be of interest in this con- 
nection, the special agents engaged upon this investigation compiled 
from the original invoices on file in the United States appraisers' offices 
in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia data showing the imports of 
each kind of machine from January 1, 1909, to May 22, 1915. Over 
99 per cent of the cotton textile machinery imported came through 
the port of Boston. These figures are shown in Table 40, which 
follows : 

Table 40. — Importations of English Cotton Textile Machinery, prom Bale 
Opener to Spinning Frame and Including also Looms, Shown by Invoices 
in the United States Appraisers' Offices in Boston, New York, and Phila- 
delphia, January 1, 1909, to May 22, 1915. 



Machines. 


Jan. 

to 

Dec, 

1909. 


Jan. 

to 

Dec, 

1910. 


Jan. 

to 

Dec, 

1911. 


Jan. 

to 
Dec, 
1912. 


Jan. 

to 

June, 

1913. 


Julyl, 

1913, to 

June 30, 

1914. 


July 1, 

1914, to 

May 22, 

1915. 


Total. 




28 


64 

3 

3 

279 

6 364 

26 

55 

36 

211 

32 

50 

311 

128 

8 




34 


31 

2 

2 

49 

cl89 

37 

28 

2 

8 

16 

42 

113 

53 

75 

26 


16 


42 

12 

12 

12 

121 

18 

17 

4 

16 

1 

1 

19 








63 

28 

28 

27 

52 

7 

5 

10 

40 

1 



2 

4 






278 




45 










45 




301 

a 365 

35 

54 

14 

72 

13 

20 

113 

117 






105 
245 
33 
36 
22 
123 
9 
39 
44 
95 

10 


13 
4 


786 




1,340 


Ribbon lap machines 


156 




195 


Drawing frames, heads d 
Drawing frames, deliveries d. 


10 
15 


98 
485 
72 


Intermediates 


3 
9 
4 




155 


Roving 


611 




401 




83 
36 







o Includes 6 French combs. 

6 Includes 19 French combs. 

e Includes 2 French combs. 

d The number of heads and deliveries was reported instead of the number of drawing frames. 

73 



74 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



As American manufacturers, with one exception, do not make fine- 
yarn machines, the 401 mule Spinning machines, 36 looms, 1,340 
combers, with 156 ribbon lap and 195 sliver lap machines, a total of 
2,128 machines, can not be said to be as competitive as the other 
machinery recorded in this table of imports. From 1906 to 1914, how- 
ever, 3,300 American-made combers, 482 ribbon lap, and 582 sliver 
lap machines have been sold in the United States. 

Of the 583 imported machines other than drawing frames, 15 per 
cent were imported in 1909; 42 per cent in 1910; 25 per cent in 1911; 
2 per cent in 1912; 4 per cent in the six months, January to June, 
1913; 3 per cent in the year ending June 30, 1914; and 9 per cent in 
about 11 months from July, 1914, to May, 1915. A similar falling 
off is shown in the number of drawing-frame heads and deliveries. 

This indicates that the sale of English cotton textile machinery in 
the United States has been steadily decreasing, and that the reduction 
of the tariff duties in October, 1913, from 45 per cent to 20 per cent 
ad valorem has not given any apparent impetus to the sale of English 
machines. 

There are six English manufacturers of cotton textile machinery 
who export to the United States and who are represented by their 
own agencies in Boston or by importing houses. 

As an interesting contrast to the quantity of spinning machinery 
imported by American cotton mills, the following table, although not 
strictly within the scope of this report, is reproduced from the Tariff 
Board report on wool and manufactures of wool (p. 1042). It will be 
noted that while less than 9 per cent of the spinning machinery used 
in cotton mills in America is imported, the contrary is the case in the 
woolen industry, which imports 78 per cent of its spinning machinery. 
The table shows the number of foreign and domestic machines in the 
wool manufacturing establishments investigated at that time. Of 
the 22 per cent of yarn-producing machinery which is domestic, 
cards, for both wool and worsted, and mules for carded wool form the 
larger part. Of looms the woolen mills import only 23 per cent. 

Table 41. — Number and Per Cent op the Principal Woolen and Worsted 
Mill Machines of Native and Foreign Manufacture Used in Certain 
Establishments in the United States. 



Machines. 



Total. 



Manufactured in 
United States. 



Number. Per cent 



Manufactured in 
foreign countries. 



Number. Per cent 



Scouring machines 

Carding machines, woolen 

Carding machines, worsted 

Gill boxes, English Bradford combing 

Gill boxes, French combing 

Noble combs 

French combs 

English (Bradford) drawing frames. . . 

French drawing frames 

Spinning frames 

Mules, carded wool 

Mules , worsted 

Total 

Weaving looms 



67 

433 

658 

o757 

125 

380 

277 

' 2, 500 

489 

1,346 

588 

370 



37 
399 
331 

37 



55.2 
92.2 
50.3 
5.0 



57 
'273' 



15.0 
'i6.'9' 



113 
504 



8.4 
85.7 



7,990 
12, 337 



1,751 
9,517 



22.0 
77.1 



30 
34 
327 
702 
125 
323 
277 
2,227 
489 
1,233 
84 
370 



6,221 
2,820 



44.8 
7.8 

49.7 

95.0 
100.0 

85.0 
100.0 

89.1 
100.0 

91.6 

14.3 
100.0 



78.0 
22.9 



a Including 18 gill boxes, place of manufacture not reported. 

h Including 80 drawing frames, place of manufacture not reported. 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TEXTILE MACHINERY. 75 

EXPORTS. 

The classification of exports from the United States as published 
in the official reports shows all textile machinery under the one 
head — textile machinery. It is therefore impossible to ascertain 
how much of each of the several lines has been exported. It was 
found, however, from the books of the manufacturers, that the 
whole amount of cotton-spinning machinery exported was so small 
as to be practically negligible. Most of the textile machines exported 
are automatic looms, knitting machines, and other patented and 
highly specialized machinery developed in this country. 

The capacity of the cotton-spinning machinery plants is greater 
than the domestic demand except during the years when the demand 
is at the very highest point. This is one of the reasons why plants 
at different periods are forced to run at reduced time. As demon- 
strated in all manufacturing lines, economy and efficiency are greatly 
increased when plants are running at or near capacity. Unit over- 
head charges are materially reduced by spreading the overhead over a 
greater volume of sales. It is then possible to keep intact the most 
efficient forms of organization as well as to purchase supplies advan- 
tageously for future needs. With the present production capacity 
of the domestic plants, if they are to be run at maximum efficiency, 
it is absolutely necessary either that the domestic demand increase 
or that foreign trade be obtained in order to find a market for the 
surplus product. 

If this is accomplished, American machinery will be produced much 
cheaper, and the result should be to help the American manufacturer 
to compete with 6imilar products in foreign markets. 

For the fiscal years ended June 30, the value of all textile machinery 
exported from the United States was $1,968,383 during 1913 and 
$1,611,279 during 1914. 

Table 42, which follows, shows the countries to which such ma- 
chinery was exported, with the values, and Table 43 shows the 
values by customs districts. It must be remembered, however, that 
this report deals with cotton-spinning machinery only, and cotton- 
spinning machinery is not exported to any appreciable extent; 
therefore these tables relate mostly to other classes of textile machines. 



76 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



Table 42. — Exports of Domestic Textile Machinery, Years Ending June 30, 
1913 and 1914, by Countries to which Exported. 



Exported to — 



Europe: 

U nited Kingdom 

G ermany 

Austria-Hungary 

France 

Belgium 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Spain 

Other European countries. 

Total 

North America: 

Canada 

Mexico 

Other North American 
countries 

Total 



$540, 171 

118,350 

61,474 

67, 198 

8,344 

6,931 

12, 340 

10,774 

16, 599 



842, 181 



858, 568 
37, 155 



3,227 



$465,511 

128,060 

132,937 

49, 405 

12,559 

11,734 

7,019 

10,069 

23,814 



841, 108 



670, 799 
9,197 

2,923 



682,919 



Exported to — 



South America: 

Argentina 

Brazil 

Colombia 

Other South American 
countries 

Total 

Asia: 

Japan 

Hongkong 

Other Asiatic countries. . 

Total 

Oceania 

Africa: British South Africa.. 

Total exports 



1913 



$23,633 
26, 849 
92,922 



39,346 
16,441 
4,754 



60, 541 



17, 467 
300 



1,968,383 



1914 



$9,876 
8,547 
1,078 



22,364 



10, 608 
48,329 
3,894 



62,831 



1, 



448 



1,611,279 



a Included in "All other machinery" prior to 1913. 

Table 43. — Exports of Textile Machinery from the United States, Years 
Ending June 30, 1913 and 1914, by Customs Districts. 



Districts. 



Bangor, Me 

Boston 

New York 

Passamaquoddy, Me 

Philadelphia 

San Francisco 

Buffalo Creek, N.Y. 
Cape Vincent, N. Y . 

Champlain, N.Y 

Memphremagog 

Minnesota 

Niagara Falls, N.Y. 
Vermont, Vt 

Total 



1913 



$67, 
218, 



23. 

531 

4, 

135. 

28i 



1,968,383 



Districts. 



Maine and New Hampshire . 

Massachusetts 

New York 

Philadelphia 

San Francisco 

Buffalo 

Duluth and Superior 

Eastern Vermont 

St. Lawrence 

Western Vermont 



Total 1,611,279 



$19, 270 
285, 277 
621,245 

36, 693 

6,001 

115,763 

89, 885 
257, 578 
110,363 

69,204 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MACHINES IN AMERICAN COTTON MILLS. 



In order to ascertain the number of foreign and domestic machines 
which are at present installed in the cotton mills of the United States 
blank schedules were sent to every mill in the country. These sched- 
ules requested information to show the kind of machine, the name of 
the builder, when built, and when installed in the mill. Complete re- 
turns were received from mills representing approximately 21,000,000 
spindles. 

Table 44 shows for five-year periods the number of foreign and 
domestic machines of each kind installed in the American cotton 
mills reported upon. 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TEXTILE MACHINERY. 



77 



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FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TEXTILE MACHINERY. 



79 



Table 45 shows the total number of foreign and domestic machines 
installed in the establishments reported upon and the percentage of 
each. 

Table 45. — Number and Per Cent op Domestic and Foreign Machines Installed 
in American Cotton Mills. 



Machines. 



Number. 



Domestic. Foreign. Total 



Per cent. 



Domestic. Foreign 



Openers, pickers, and lappers. 

Cards 

Combing machines (spindles) « 

Combing preparation 

Drawing (heads) a 

Railway (heads) a 

Slubbers (spindles) a 

Roving, etc. (spindles) a 

Ring spinning (spindles) a 

Mule spinning (spindles) a 

Twisters (spindles) a , 

Spoolers (spindles) a , 

Warpers 

Slashers 

Looms 

Cloth finishers 

Sundry 



9,587 

48,472 

14.401 

1,444 

67, 934 

1,656 

320,586 

529, 161 

575, 5S9 

666,873 

720,303 

885, 678 

6,609 

2,058 

462,353 

2,140 

24, 789 



605 

6,795 

18,147 

1,735 

10, 157 

14 

39, 222 

685, 591 

63,460 

1,624,903 

10, 650 

12, 623 

24 

128 

1,196 

154 

55 



10,192 

55,267 

32,548 

3,179 

78,091 

1,670 

359. SOS 

4,214,752 

18,639 049 

2,291,776 

1,730,953 

898,301 

6, 633 

2, 186 

463,549 

2,294 

24, 844 



94.06 
87.70 
44.25 
45.42 
86.99 
99.16 
89. 10 
83. 73 
99. 66 
29.10 
99.38 
98. 59 
99.80 
94.17 
99.74 
93.29 
99.78 



5.94 

12.30 
55.75 
54.58 
13.01 

.84 
10.90 
16.27 

.34 
70.90 

.62 
1.41 

.20 
5.83 

.26 
6.71 

.22 



a T.he number of spindles and heads was reported instead of the number of drawing, spinning, and 
other frames. 

This table shows that in only three cases was there a preponderance 
of foreign machines, namely, combing machines, 55.75 percent; comb- 
ing preparation. 54.58 per cent; and mule spinning, 70.90 per cent. 
These are fine-yarn machines, and for many years were not made 
in this country. Since 1900, however, more domestic than foreign 
combing and combing preparation machinery has been installed. 
In six cases the foreign machines installed constituted less than 1 per 
cent, namely, railway heads, ring spinning, twisters, warpers, looms, 
and sundries. 

In Tables 46 and 47 the number of foreign and domestic machines 
installed in American cotton mills is shown by States. 



80 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



Table 46. — Number op Domestic Machines Installed in American Cotton 

Mills, .by States. 



States. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina... 

Oklahoma 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina... 

Wisconsin 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Total 

Groups of States: 

Southern 

New England 
All other 



Openers, 
etc. 



409 

8 

10 

337 

21 

1,208 

40 

47 

11 

44 

32 

420 

56 

2,097 

57 

33 

285 

62 

370 

1,422 

5 

106 

212 

1,885 

6 

166 

165 

71 

2 



9,587 



5,582 

3,353 

652 



Cards. 



1,981 

33 

120 

2,071 



5,645 
267 
194 
48 
197 
157 

1,538 

305 

10, 755 

261 

130 

1,262 
366 

2,129 

7,802 
39 
319 

2,087 

8,496 

45 

983 

87,6 

366 



48,472 



27, 271 
17,713 

3,488 



Combing 
machines 
(heads). 



1,056 
""54 



192 
"7,079' 



909 
1,650 



1,700 

1,093 

626 



14,401 



2,278 
9,460 
2,663 



Combing 
prepara- 
tion. 



360 
14 



10 
"504' 



in 

I.V.I 



1,444 



537 
723 
184 



Drawing 
(heads). 



3,166 

56 

100 

2,245 

32 

8,589 

396 

316 



278 

346 

2,750 

500 

12,983 

432 

195 

1,216 

371 

2,730 

12,255 

28 

741 

1,814 

13,232 

3 

1,206 

1,308 

64-6 



67,934 



42, 269 

21,008 

4,657 



States. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut , 

Delaware 

Georgia , 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina... 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina... 

Wisconsin 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 



Total. 



Groups of States: 

Southern 

New England. 
Allother 



Slubbers 
(spindles). 



8,718 
136 

41,761 
1,584 
1,248 
384 
1,618 
1,016 

16,396 
2,102 

53,277 
2,068 
3,604 
5,512 
1,482 

11,562 

56,212 



208 
2,648 
7,948 
69, 237 
140 
7,131 
6,212 
2,232 



320,586 



209, 687 
91,851 
19,048 



Roving, 
etc. 

(spindles). 



103,848 

912 

L,236 

209,914 

1,400 

275,614 

28,562 

8,736 

1,408 

7,504 

5,432 

140,158 

5,855 

919,993 

15,844 

4,422 

61,510 

21,204 

156, 066 

450,729 



960 

22,346 

173,005 

763, 878 

480 

69, 966 

56, 420 

18, 423 

3,336 



3,529,161 



1,781,207 

1,507,916 

240,038 



Ring 
spinning 
(spindles). 



652,748 

6,806 

24,608 

645,770 

14,720 

1,579,876 

25,958 

74,976 

10,608 

55,364 

31,344 

696,048 

47, 176 

5,458,378 

95,930 

31,900 

364, 034 

172, 103 

568, 428 

2,504,893 



5,712 

144,956 

763, 126 

3,852,966 

2,112 

370, 989 

281,708 

84,160 

8,192 



18,575,589 



9,616,292 
7,935,548 
1,023,749 



Mule 
spinning 
(spindles). 



3,000 



226,360 
"29,014' 



43,584 



155,980 



265 
11,520 



22,960 
62, 124 



8,370 
55,376 
48,320 



666,873 



142, 723 
492, 820 
31,330 



Twisters 
(spindles). 



57, 122 

204 

3,050 

114,564 



154,646 
4,012 
1,560 



2,934 

1,392 

20,646 

19, 158 

540,917 

5,574 

2,118 

8,648 

213,083 

35,842 

284,574 

280 

1,892 

37, 186 

73,004 

105,543 

640 

8,010 

20,340 

3,364 



1,720,303 



666, 871 
757, 779 
295,653 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TEXTILE MACHINERY. 



81 



Table 46. — Number of Domestic Machines Installed in American Cotton 
Mills, by States — Continued. 



States. 


Warpers. 


Slashers. 


Looms. 


Cloth 
finishers. 


Sundry. 




206 

3 

2 

332 

586 


60 
1 
2 

41 
2 
173 
3 
7 
2 

12 


13,321 
160 
180 

21,296 
248 

35, ins 

634 

1,842 

236 

2,506 


27 
1 
4 

81 


1 747 












346 








206 

2 
2 
2 


207 




16 

26 

5 

37 


65 
















(i 
65 

2 

584 

13 


21 




179 

26 

2,071 

38 

12 

110 
62 

119 

816 
13 


70 

250 

637 

11 

4 

33 

7 

34 

220 


19, 153 

245 

136,948 

2,531 

730 

6,986 

6,272 

11, 361 

49, 436 

57 


26 




3 




12,072 
6 










141 

S 

6 

257 


15 




836 




7, "n'.s 




1,328 


Ohio 


1 








3 




161 

426 

1,130 

3 

102 

74 

49 

5 


14 
94 
312 


12, 753 

26,718 

94,084 

70 

10,714 

5,611 

2,452 

401 


114 
60 

423 


234 




122 




114 




3 




31 

18 

19 

1 


ss 

29 
22 


67 




4 




1 












Total 


6,609 


2,058 


462,353 


2,140 


24,789 






Groups of States: 


3,079 

3,123 

407 


1,113 
876 
69 


217,446 

211,502 
- 33, 405 


1,071 
931 

13S 


3,501 




12,581 




S,707 







Table 47. 



-Number of Foreign Machines Installed in American Cotton Mills, 
by States. 



States. 


Openers, 
etc. 


Cards. 


Combine 
machines 
(heads). 


Combing 
prepara- 
tion. 


Draw ins 
(heads). 


Railway 

heads. 




13 

8 
5 
9 
IP 
3 
214 


159 

476 

184 

61 

34 

564 

3,890 

19 

164 

503 

71 

124 

241 

44 

190 

26 

25 

20 


35 

1,948 

98 


10 

435 

10 


330 
403 
289 




























16 
11,476 


1 

749 


ist; 
6.94S 
24 
32 
984 






14 








17 
38 
10 
29 
15 
228 


220 
2,398 

142 

176 

44 

1,092 

438 


io 

112 
18 
18 
11 
120 
233 










113 
167 
278 
184 
















193 




6 


26 ...: 














56 
8 


4 
4 


















Total 


605 


6,795 


18,147 


1, 735 


10,157 14 


Groups of States: 


63 

470 

72 


761 

5,158 

876 


755 
14,808 
2,584 


275 

1,319 

141 


1,029 




7, 753 14 




1.37.". 









25090°— 16- 



82 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEKY INDUSTRY. 



Table 47. — Number op Foreign Machines Installed in American Cotton Mills, 

by States — Continued. 



States. 


Slubbers 
(spindles). 


Roving, 

etc. 

(spindles). 


Ring 
spinning 
(spindles). 


Mule 
spinning 
(spindles). 


Twisters 
(spindles). 


Spoolers 
(spindles). 


Alabama 


760 


7,428 


18, 720 




1,640 

. 1,950 

2,400 












1,140 

1,694 

180 

228 


30,666 
6,200 
1,720 




210,616 
12, 480 
16, 000 
12, 690 
39,600 
1,034,393 


2,800 






















Maine 


4,000 

464,535 

120 

3, 040 
72, 012 
14,800 
26,282 
15,836 
23,448 
12, 556 

1,796 

1,152 










22, 186 


5,472 
1,764 


3,520 


5,447 








64 

3,328 

1,156 

3,660 

1,316 

888 

1,800 

102 

720 










6,788 




120 
520 






95, 546 


1,668 




18, 288 
2,680 
6,748 


160 




58, 466 
134,912 




1,020 




500 


1,528 


South Carolina 






3,000 








Texas 












10,200 


















Total 


39, 222 


685,591 


63,460 


1,624,903 


10, 650 


12,623 




Groups of States: 


8,964 

24,278 

5,980 


55,534 
525,689 
104,368 


41,772 
12,220 
9,468 


25, 170 

1,429,721 

170,012 


1,640 
6,420 
2,590 


160 




9,775 


All other 


2,688 







States. 


Warpers. 


Slashers. 


Looms. 


Cloth 
finishers. 


Sundry. 






2 




12 






2 


420 

68 






8 
6 












18 




























2 
83 






1 






90 


26 


23 










2 




62 

8 
39 


116 






2 


6 




1 












1 








243 

264 

2 




6 




7 
12 


14 
10 


















Texas 




1 


















Virginia 
























Total 


24 


128 


1,196 


154 


55 






Groups of States: 


12 
9 
3 


19 

107 

2 


2 
4S4 
710 


12 
142 


19 


New England 


24 




12 









RELATIVE MERITS OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC MACHINERY. 

Some of the cotton textile machines of a generation ago were crude 
and imperfect imitations of English machines. American machine 
manufacturers have not hesitated in the early copying of English 
inventions, but they have not stopped with that — they have brought 
them up to the highest standard. A New Bedford cotton mill manu- 
facturer of years of experience in the use of English and American 
machines stated to the agent of the Bureau that he "would obtain 
equally good results in production and quality from a mill equipped 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC TEXTILE MACHINERY. 83 

with all-American machinery and from one equipped with all-English 
machinery." Preferences were expressed at the different mills at 
which inquiries were made as to the merits of American and English 
machines. An overseer of a carding room, who was a graduate of the 
Lowell Textile School, preferred an English card of a certain make, 
stating that it was more durable on account of its heavier construc- 
tion, and, though running for a great many years, was without 
vibration or shaking of parts. A Fall River superintendent said 
that a certain make of English cards was heavier, had less vibration, 
and that the cylinders ran truer than other English or American 
makes. They were also more durable, had heavier castings, stronger 
bearings, better finishing, were of more accurate gauge, and truer. 
The disadvantages were in waiting for supplies and parts. The 
English threads in nuts and bolts differed in standard and style, 
making it difficult to fit them when repairs were necessary. 

There was little difference, however, in the quality of stock turned 
out by native or foreign machines, and excepting for the one make of 
cards, these manufacturers would not go to England for their 
machines, nor for card clothing at the present time. 

Another superintendent of a large cotton mill in Lowell using 
both foreign and domestic machines said that in the opening room 
American bale breakers proved to be fully equal to the best English 
make. The Creighton openers connected with the bale breakers are 
all of English make, while all of the finisher breaker pickers were 
of American make and preferred. In the card room he had two 
makes of English cards and four of American manufacture. He pre- 
ferred three of the American makes to the English cards. In drawing 
frames he had three American and two English makes, and thought 
there was little or no difference between them. The slubbers, inter- 
mediates, and fine frames were both of English and American make. 
He expressed a decided preference for the American machines. 
There were two makes of English combers in use, one of which was 
a more modern machine than the other and gave greater production. 
Two makes of English mules were in operation, one of which is a 
newer and stronger machine and gives better results than the other. 
All of the ring spinning frames were made by three American manu- 
facturers and all gave equally good results. The American makes of 
flyers in use compare favorably with the English flyers. The spoolers, 
warpers, slashers, winders, reelers, twisters, and looms were all of 
American make and efficient. He expressed a decided preference for 
American card clothing. He also stated that "the handicap in using 
English machinery is that the parts for replacement were not so 
readily at hand," and that it is too long to wait for English parts. 

Many American mills can and do send to American builders for 
parts in the rough and do their own finishing at the mill, and can also 
use such parts for patterns, obtaining gear cutters from the Americ an 
builders. 

One of the American manufacturers explained conditions in the 
following interesting statement: 

It has been of much advantage to the mills to use machinery built in the United 
States, as it has enabled them to secure readily and quickly repair parts and supplies, 
which form a large item of their regular running expenses. It has also been of advan- 
tage to the cotton-mill industry as a whole in that the machine shops have quite con- 
sistently, where required, granted long lines of credit, covering periods of years, and 
have invariably shown extreme leniency in enforcing payment of over-due accounts. 



84 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

This has resulted in many mills, whick have later become successful, being started 
and operated on partial credit. This particular condition is ve'ry generally true in 
connection with the development of the cotton-mill industry in the Southern States. 

Also, in lieu of credit, the machine shops have been quite large subscribers to stock 
in cotton-mill enterprises, the stock subscriptions being taken up as payment for ma- 
chinery. Of course this stock has invariably been disposed of later, as it has been 
necessary for the shop to turn it into money, but the purpose has been accomplished 
of enabling the mill to get started. 

During this extended period of progression in their respective lines, the mills have 
also been greatly dependent on the shops for assistance along experimental lines. 
Where market conditions have demanded machinery capable of greater production, 
or machinery capable of producing work of special quality — in the line of fancy yarns 
or difficult and complicated weaves in fabrics — the problems have invariably been 
worked out in the experimental departments of the shops, to the mutual benefit of both 
shop and mill. 

Such factors in the intimacy between the shops and the mills as above mentioned 
have brought about a close association, much more so, unquestionably, than would 
have been the case had the mills been dependent on foreign countries for the sources 
of their machinery supplies, and undoubtedly this close relationship, and the sympa- 
thetic ties between various groups of mills and the different shops, have materially 
assisted the splendid development of textile manufacturing, both in the Northern and 
Southern States, and have also firmly established its position. * * * 

The list of the various machines manufactured by the United States' shops includes 
everything required for the equipment and operation of cotton mills for the regular 
work of manufacturing yarn and cloth. The only machines which are alone built by 
foreign shops, not included in the domestic list, are for special operations, and gener- 
ally along lines in connection with cotton manufacturing which have not been suffi- 
ciently developed by the mills here to warrant the machine shops taking them up. 

Another large American concern has furnished the following state- 
ment: 

From the early days, 1824 to 1831, the business has grown steadily along with the 
development of the cotton-manufacturing industry of the country, and the machine 
shops have been of inestimable value to the growth of the mills. 

Between the years 1872 and 1890 a large amount of English machinery was imported 
in this country, and our machine shops found it necessary, in order to meet this com- 
pel ition, to revise some of their patterns of carding machinery, and accordingly began 
building revolving flat carding machines after the English pattern, which machines 
have been generally adopted in the United States, and the American-built card now 
has the preference. In return the English adopted the American pattern of ring 
spinning frame, which has largely taken the place of mules for certain kinds of yarns 
all overthe world. The Draper loom is another American machine which is being 
universally used. 

All the textile mills of the world require an immense amount of repairs and renewals 
at all times, and if our American shops should be put out of business and unable to fur- 
nish these, the American nulls would be at a hopeless disadvantage in world compe- 
tition. 



CHAPTER IX. 
CARDS AND CARD CLOTHING. 

While the construction of a standard 40-inch revolving flat card 
weighing more than 6,000 pounds is a work of a great deal of labor 
and expense, it is useless for the purpose intended until its cylinder 
and dolfer and its 110 top flats are covered with card clothing. This 
clothing consists of a foundation cloth set with teeth made of round, 
bright, hardened and tempered steel wire. It is not the machine 
that does the actual carding, but the teeth of the card clothing, which 
open the cotton, straighten the fibers, and make them parallel with 
one another. 

The foundation cloth consists usually of a woven fabric, weighing 
22 ounces per square yard, made of linen warp and woolen filling, 
which is cemented between two layers of cotton cloth, the latter 
woven from No. 28 warp yarn, 68 threads to the square inch, and 
from No. 16 filling yarn, 64 threads to the square inch. 

Two other kinds of foundations also are used, namely, cotton- 
cotton-woolen-cotton, and the 4-ply natural india-rubber face cloth. 

The cotton-cotton-woolen-cotton foundation is made by cementing 
one ply of cotton cloth on the linen and woolen fabric with oil cement 
and two plies of cotton cloth on the other side with rubber cement- 
This foundation costs 6 cents per square foot more than the cotton, 
woolen-cotton foundation and is used extensively for making cylin- 
ders and doffers. 

The four-ply natural india-rubber face foundation is made with 
three plies of cotton cloth and one ply of fine linen cloth (linen warp, 
cotton filling), all cemented together with rubber cement and with 
a natural india-rubber face on the cloth. This foundation costs 
0.1095 cent per square foot more than the cotton-woolen-cotton 
foundation and is used extensively for cylinders and special clothing. 

An automatic machine, into which is fed the straight steel wire, 
forms the wire into staples and sets them into the foundation cloth, 
34,560 to 93,312 points per square foot. The staples or teeth are 
then ground to smooth and even points. 

To make a complete set of card clothing for a standard 40-inch 
revolving flat card requires 131 \ square feet of card-cloth foundation 
and 110 pounds of wire. This produces 95^ square feet of wire 
surface, which is used on the different parts of the card as follows: 
Card cylinder, 44 £ square feet; doffer, 24 square feet; and tops or 
flats, 26 1 square feet. 

For the cylinder the clothing is made into strips, or fillets, 2 inches 
wide, and for the doffer into fillets H inches wide. For the flats, 
which are strips of cast iron about 42 inches long by 1| inches wide, 
110 in number on each American card, it is made into narrow sheets 
called tops. The number of teeth varies according to the purpose of 
the piece of clothing, the doffer and the flats having usually the same 
number of points, the cylinder slightly less. 

85 



86 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

The strips are wound spirally upon the cylinder and the doffer, by 
machinery, and fastened by tacks driven into hardwood plugs which 
have been inserted in the metal in parallel rows. The method of 
applying the clothing to the flats has changed greatly in the past 20 
years. In one establishment these changes have been as follows: 

Originally a long series of small holes were drilled the entire length 
of each side of the casting. Corresponding holes were punched by 
hand through the clothing, which was then fastened to the flat casting 
by means of lead rivets, which were put into the holes by hand and 
headed over, or riveted by hand. In this manner a man could finish 
about 25 flats per day. This method, however, while it held the 
clothing securely, had a tendency to weaken the flats and cause them 
to deflect. Now no holes are drilled in the flat. Special machinery 
is used to make special steel clips, which have small teeth cut in them 
by means of which to attach them to the clothing. The clip is then 
made to fasten the clothing securely to the flat by means of machines 
specially designed by this company. After the clips and end plates 
have been attached to the clothing and the tops cut to width and 
finished, a man can attach the clothing to 275 flats per day. It takes 
three men for the entire process on that number of flats per day. 

It is of interest to note that of the two largest American manufac- 
turers of cotton cards one buys American card clothing almost ex- 
clusively, while the other in the past has given preference to the 
English product. Neither American nor English manufacturers of 
cards make card clothing. This is made in independent establish- 
ments. 

There are seven English manufacturers of card clothing who are 
also exporters to the United States. American cotton card clothing 
is produced mainly by five concerns. All of these make clothing for 
wool and worsted cards as well as cotton. Cotton card clothing 
differs materially both in foundation fabric and teeth from that used 
for carding wool. There is but one concern in the United States that 
manufactures cotton card clothing principally. 

Up to a recent period all of the raw materials — the cloth foundation 
and the steel wire — were imported from England. In 1912 about 50 
per cent of American-made steel wire was used, while by 1915 less 
than 10 per cent of the steel wire used in cotton card clothing was 
imported. 

COST OF PRODUCTION OF CARD CLOTHING. 

As only one American establishment gives its whole attention to 
the manufacture of cotton card clothing, complete information con- 
cerning the cost of production can not be published without disclos- 
ing the operations of that establishment, and had to be omitted 
therefore from this report. 

MATERIALS. 

The clothing required for a standard 40-inch revolving flat card is 
the basis in the following statement. Imported cloth foundation 
only is considered, but the cost of both foreign and domestic wire is 
given. The cloth is of two grades, and the years represented are 
1913 and 1914, under the old and new tariffs. 



CARDS AND CARD CLOTHING. 



87 



Table 48. — Costs per Linear Yard of Imported Cloth Foundation for Card 
Clothing, 22 Ounces Weight per Square Yard, Composed of Linen Wakp 
and Woolen Filling. 



Items. 



Old tariff, 
May, 1913. 



Now tariff, 
May, 1914. 



Costf. o. b. factory England 

Import duties (50 per cent in 1913, 35 per cent in 1914) 

Freight transportation and other charges (6 per cent in 1913, 8 per cent in 19i4) . . 
Buying commission, etc 

Total cost per yard delivered in United States 



$0. 8100 
.4050 
.0486 
.0405 



a $0. 8460 
.2961 
.0676 
.0424 



1. 3041 



1.2521 



a This cost was for an order placed Dec. 20, 1913. The price has been advancing since that date on ac- 
count of abnormal conditions in England. 

On April 22, 1915, an order for 20 pieces of this foundation was 
placed in England at the following price per linear yard : 

Net cost f. o. b. factory England fl. 074 

Duty (35 per cent) 374 

Charges (8 per cent) 085 

Buying commission, etc. (5 per cent) 053 

Total per linear yard delivered in the United States 1. 586 

Table 49. — Costs per Linear Yard of Imported Cotton Cloth Foundation 
Material, 130 Yards in Length by 54 Inches in Width, Composed of No. 28 
Two-Ply Warp Yarn, 68 Threads to the Square Inch, and of No. 16 One- 
Ply Filling Yarn, 64 Threads to the Square Inch. 



Items. 



May, 1913. 



May, 1914. 



Cost L o. b. factory England 

Import duties (30 per cent in 1913, 12J per cent in 1914) 

Freight transportation and other charges (6 per cent in 1913, 8 per cent in 1914) 
Buying commissions, etc 

Total cost per yard delivered in the United States 



$0. 1732 


SO. 1682 


.0519 


.0210 


.0103 


.0134 


.0076 


.0083 



.2430 



The clothing for a 40-inch revolving flat card requires 110 pounds 
of round, bright, hardened and tempered steel wire. The imported 
wire is No. 32 and the domestic wire of the same kind and grade is 
No. 33. 

Table 50. — Cost per Pound of Imported No. 32 Steel Wire, Round, Bright, 
Hardened, and Tempered. 



Items. 



Old tariff, 
1912. 



New tariff, 
1914. 



Cost f. o. b. factory, England 

Import duty (35 per cent in 1912. 15 per cent in 1914) 

Freight transportation, etc. (6 per cent in 1912, 8 per cent in 1914) 
Buying commissions, etc 

Total cost per pound delivered in the United States 




0. 1133 
.0170 
.0091 
. 0056 



1652 



. 1450 



The cost of imported wire to the American manufacturer was 
reduced 2 cents per pound by the reduction in tariff, bringing it down 
to 14.5 cents per pound. The cost of No. 33 wire, manufactured in 
the United States and delivered at the factory, in 1915 was 18 cents 



88 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



per pound. Thus the cost of making card clothing in this country is 
materially increased when American wire is used. 

American card-clothing manufacturers state, however, that there 
are advantages in using American wire which offset the difference 
in costs. The imported wire is not as uniform in temper as the 
American wire, it is asserted, some of it is rusty, and imperfect wire 
can not he returned. If imperfect wire is received from the American 
manufacturer, however, it is returned and replaced. The American 
wire is also said to be more uniform in temper, consequently does not 
cause much trouble on the machines and makes more perfect clothing, 
thus bringing the cost of finishing, etc., actually lower than if im- 
ported wire were used. 

LABOR. 

The following table shows the machine labor cost of card clothing 
per square foot in the several departments of the factory, namely, 
machine room, grinding room, and finishing room, from 1906 to 1914. 

Table 51. — Machine Labor Cost per Square Foot of Wire Surface op Making 
Cotton Card Clothing at an American Establishment, 1906 to 1914. 



Years. 



Machine 


Grinding 


Finishing 


room. 


room. 


room. 


50. 066 


$0. 029 


SO. 038 


.062 


.028 


. 035 


.064 


.034 


.031 


.062 


.030 


.029 


.060 


.027 


.030 


.061 


.027 


.031 


.060 


.025 


.030 


.063 


.025 


.033 


.061 


.026 


.033 



Total. 



1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 



0. 133 
. 125 
.129 
.121 
.117 
.119 
.115 
.121 
.120 



Machine-room labor included the operators of machines, their 
helpers, foreman, and one odd laborer. Grinding-room labor included 
operators of grinding machines, one laborer, and one foreman, also 
one man who is the inspector of work of the grinding room and one 
man repairing emery wheels. Finishing-room labor included an in- 
spector, trimmers, packers, and a foreman. 



OCCUPATIONS AND WAGES. 

The table following shows the occupations in a card-clothing manu- 
factory, with the rate of wages per hour and the hours and earnings 
of each operative in a full-time week. 

The employees are all males excepting "wire inserters and inspec- 
tors," who are females and work but 54 hours in a full-time week. 

Wire-machine tenders operate machines which automatically insert 
the wire into the foundation cloth in staple form, thus making the 
wire cloth. 

Twenty fillet machines are attended by one machine operator and 
14 endless sheet machines by one operator. 

Grinding-machine tenders grind sides and surface of wire to make 
the point desired. 

The emery-wheel repairer repairs the emery wheels used by grinders. 

Flat clothiers attach card clothing to iron flats. 

The flat stripper removes old clothing from top flats. 



CARDS AND CARD CLOTHING 



89 



The flat-top puncher punches teeth in clamp for attaching to top 
flat. 

Card clothiers attach clothing to cards. 

Trimming-machine tenders trim edges of fillet and top card clothing. 

As stated, 20 automatic wire machines are operated by one man. 
Each machine is fed with straight wire and it sets 300 wire card teeth 
per minute, which is 18,000 per hour and 1,044,000 teeth per full week 
of 58 hours per machine. In a specific grade of cloth there are 36,000 
teeth per square foot. 

Theoretically 20 machines should produce 582 square feet. A 
record of a man who ran 20 machines, 10 of them setting at the rate 
of 375 teeth per minute and 10 at the rate of 300 per minute, shows 
that he actually set 574 square feet, losing 78 square feet, or about 12 
per cent, per week. 

Table 52. — Occupations and Rate of Earnings per Hour and for a Full 
Time Week of Employees in an American Factory Making Card Clothing. 



Occupations. 



Rate of 
earnings 
per hour. 



Hours 
worked 
per full- 
time 
week. 



Earnings 
per full- 
time 
week. 



Wira-machine tenders 

Do 

no 

no 

Apprentices 

Do 

To 

Grin ling-machine tenders 

no.. 

Grin ding-machine helper 

Emf r y-wheel repairer 

Grinding-room frothing inspector. 
Ma/ ''imists 

Do , 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Flat clothier 

Flat prinder 

Flat stripper 

Flat-dip puncher 

Card clothiers 

Cloth-foundation cutter 

Card-Cioth cementers 

Do 

Wire inserters and inspectors 

Trimming-machine tenders 

Do 

Do 

Do 

General helper 

Carpenter 

Case maker 

Sweeper 

Foreman 

Do 

Do 

Enp ineer and fireman 

Night watchn an 



$0.40 
.34 
.30 
.25 
.15 
.10 
.08 
.20 
. 171 
.15 
.20 
.20 
.31 
.30 
. 27J 
.25 
.221 
.21 
.20 
.171 
.17 
.17 
.17 
.15 
.17 
.36 
.17 
.15 
.14 
.15 
.22 
. 171 
.17" 
.15 
.15 
.25 
.17 
.15 
.51fl 
.32 



$23. 20 
19.72 
17.40 
14.50 
8.70 
5. SO 
4.&1 
11. 60 
10. 15 
8.70 
11.60 
11.60 
17.98 
17.40 
15. 95J 
14.50" 
13.05 
12. IS 
11.60 
10.15 



9.86 
8.70 
9.86 
20.88 
9.86 
8.70 
8.12 
8.10 
12.76 
10. 15 
9.86 
8.70 
8.70 
14.50 
9.86 
8.70 
30.00 
18. 85 
21.00 
13.50 
10.50 



COST OF IMPORTED CARDS. 



The selling price of imported cards in the United States in 1910 and 
1914 was -1695 and $690, respectively. The items of cost, from the 
factory in England to the place of delivery in Boston, are shown in 
the following table: 



90 



COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 



Table 53. — Price at Factory, Delivery Costs to Boston, and Selling Price 
of Highest Grade English Clothed, 40-Inch Revolving Flat Card, 106 Flats, 
27-Inch Doffer, 12-Inch Coiler, Flat Stripping Comb, Flat Grinding 
Apparatus. 



Items. 


Novem- 
ber, 1910. 


Decem- 
ber, 1914. 


Items. 


Novem- 
ber, 1910. 


Decem- 
ber, 1914. 


Card, list price at factory, 
England: 
Revolving flat card o 


$358. 78 
69.98 


$405.29 
96.85 


Freight factory to Liverpool. . 
Total 


$0.29 


$0.53 


2.34 


2.29 


Clothing cost, delivered, 
Liverpool 






89.87 




Net 


2S8. 80 


308. 44 


87.92 




Cost at Liverpool, card and 
clothing 






21.17 
6.10 
8.61 


20.43 
7.56 
8.74 


414.55 

9.99 
1.16 
2.06 
1.49 
189. 11 






433.09 


Freight, factory to Liverpool. . 


Ocean transportation, Liver- 


34.86 




35.88 


36.73 


Insurance 


1.22 




Consul fees and other charges. 


2.56 


Card cost, delivered, 
Liverpool 


324.68 


345.17 


1.53 


Import duties 


94.40 


Card clothing, list price, fac- 


124.80 
37.27 


122.38 
36.75 


Total cost, delivered in 


618.36 


567. 66 




Importers' selling price in 






695. 00 
76.64 






690.00 


Net 


87.53 


85.63 


Margin of difference, including 
cartage, fitting, office and 
general expenses, and profit. 








1.56 
.49 


1.51 
.25 


122.34 











a The list price of the flat grinding apparatus in 1910 was $12.16 and $15.32 in 1914. 

Note. — The 1914 card has improvements over the 1910 and a higher list price. 

In 1910 the import duty on machinery was 45 per cent ad valorem; on card clothing, 45 cents per square 
foot. In 1914 the import duty on machinery was 20 per cent ad valorem; on card clothing, 35 per cent 
ad valorem. 

The additional costs of the English cards added to the factory 
costs, under the Payne-Aldrich and under the Underwood-Simmons 
tariff laws, and the percentage the added costs are of the factory- 
costs are shown in the following table: 

Table 54. — Net Cost at Factory and Added Expenses of Delivering English 
Cards into the United States in 1910 and in 1914, with Percentile Relation 
of Expense of Delivery, Including Import Duties to Factory Costs. 





1910 


1914 


Items. 


Amount. 


Per cent 

of factory 

cost. 


Amount. 


Per cent 

of factory 

cost. 




$405.65 




$423. 82 












8.90 
9.99 
1.16 
2.06 
1.49 


2.19 

2.46 

.29 

.51 

.37 


9.27 
34.86 
1.22 
2.56 
1.53 


2.19 




8.23 




.29 




.60 




.36 








23.60 
189. 11 


5.82 
46.62 


49.44 
94.40 


11.67 




22.27 






Total 


212.71 


52.44 


143. 84 


33.94 








618.36 




567. 66 











APPENDIX A. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TEXTILE MACHINERY. 

Prepared by H. H. B. Meyer, Chief Bibliographer, Library of Congress. 



Aiken, Jonas B. Instructions for operators of J. B. Aiken's family knitting machine. 
Explaining the manner in which the goods are finished up, the machine kept in 
order, etc. New York, Baptist & Taylor, steam job printers, 1861. 24 pp. 

Treatise on the art of knitting, with a history of the knitting loom ; comprising 

an interesting account of its origin, and of its recent wonderful improvements. 
Franklin, N. H., published by the inventor, 1861. 32 pp. 

Ainley, Albert. Woolen and worsted loomfixing; a book for loomfixers and all who 
are interested in the production of plain and fancy worsteds and woolens. Lawrence, 
Mass., 1900. 104 pp. 

American Correspondence School of Textiles, Lowell, Mass. Instruction paper. 
Cotton-yarn preparation. Lowell, Mass., Butterfield Printing Co., 1898. 1 v. 

American School of Correspondence, Chicago. Cyclopedia of textile work; a general 
reference library on cotton, woollen, and worsted yarn manufacture, weaving, design- 
ing, chemistry and dyeing, finishing, knitting and allied subjects. Chicago, Amer- 
ican School of Correspondence, 1907. 7 v. 

Jacquard machines; instruction paper, prepared by H. William Nelson. 

Chicago, 111., American School of Correspondence [1909]. 32 pp. 

Knitting; a manual of practical instruction in the mechanical details of all 



types of knitting machinery, their operation, adjustment, and care, by M. A. Metcalf . 
Chicago, American School of Correspondence, 1909. 378 pp. 

Weaving; a practical guide to the mechanical construction, operation, and 

care of weaving machinery, and all details of the mechanical processes involved in 
weaving, by H. William Nelson. Chicago, American School of Correspondence, 
1909. 321pp. 

Woolen and worsted finishing; a practical manual of instruction in the meth- 



ods and machinery used in finishing woolen and worsted goods in general, and the 
processes involved in the special treatment of all types of standard fabrics, by John 
F. Timmermann. Chicago, American School of Correspondence, 1909. 288 pp. 

Woolen and worsted spinning; a complete working guide to modern practice 



in the manufacture of woolen and worsted yarns and felt, including the sources, 
natural properties, grading, and cleansing of the raw material, and the machinery 
and processes of factory work, by Miles Collins. Chicago, American School of Cor- 
respondence, 1909. 320 pp. 

American School of Correspondence at Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago. 
Knitting. Pts. 1-2. Instruction paper. Chicago, 111., American School of Corre- 
spondence at Armour Institute of Technology, 1903-1906. 2 v. 

American Woolen Co. From wool to cloth. Boston, Mass., American Woolen Co. 
[1911]. 42 pp. 

Appleton, Nathan. Introduction of the power loom, and origin of Lowell. Lowell, 
Mass., printed by B. H. Penhallow, 1858. 36 pp. 

Arkwright, Sir Richard. The trial of a cause instituted by Richard Pepper Arden, 
Esq. , His Majesty's attorney general, by writ of scire facias, to repeal a patent granted 
on the 16th of December, 1775, to Mr. Richard Arkwright, for an invention of certain 
instruments and machines for preparing silk, cotton, flax, and wool for spinning. 
London, Hughes & Walsh, 1785. 191 pp. 

Arlington Mills, Lawrence, Mass. Tops, a new American industry; a study in the 
development of the American worsted manufacture. Cambridge, printed at the 
Riverside Press, 1898. 137 pp. 

Ashenhurst, Thomas R. Lectures on practical weaving; the power loom and cloth 
dissecting. Huddersfield, J. Broadbent & Co. ; Bradford, T. R. Ashenhurst, 1895. 
611 pp. 

91 



92 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINEEY INDUSTRY. 

Atkinson, E. W. Improved methods of combing cotton. (In National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1900, No. 69. Boston, 1900. pp. 349-359.) 

Bell, T. F. Jacquard weaving and desijfcing. London and New York, Longmans, 
Green & Co., 1895. 303 pp/ 

Bennett, Frank P., & Co. Woolen and worsted fabrics glossary; containing instruc- 
tions for the manufacture of every known grade and variety of woolen and worsted 
fabrics. Boston, New York, Frank P. Bennett & Co. [1914]. 348 pp. 

Bickford, Dana. Illustrated instruction book for the Bickford familv knitting ma- 
chine. [New York, D. Bickford, 1875.] 59 pp. 

Bischoff, James. A comprehensive history of the woolen and worsted manufactures, 
and the natural and commercial history of sheep, from the earliest records to the 
present period. London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1842. 2 v. 

Bottcher, Eduard T. Versuche uber den Kraft bedarf von Baumwollspinnereimas- 
chinen. Leipzig, Druck von F. A. Brockhaus [1858]. 55 pp. 

Burnham, H. A. Methods of reducing the fire hazards of cotton conveyors. (In 
National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1914, No. 96. Boston, 
1914. pp. 229-246.) Discussion: pp. 246 7 248. 

Chase, Charles F. Belts and belt transmission (In National Association of Cotton 
Manufacturers. Transactions, 1908, No. 84. Boston, 190S. pp. 446-460.) Dis- 
cussion: pp. 460-462. 

Coquelin, Charles. Nouveau traite de la filature mecanique du lin et du chanvre. 
Paris, Roret, 1846. 296 pp. 

Cramer, Stuart W. Useful information for cotton manufacturers, 2d ed. Charlotte, 
N. C, Queen City Printing & Paper Co., 1904-1909. 4 v. 

Custer, Milo. Pioneer preparation and spinning of flax and wool. Bloomington, 111., 
1912. 7 pp. 

Deabill, Albert. Knitting industry in the United States. (In National Association 
of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1901, No. 71. Boston, 1901. pp. 251-257.) 

DeWolf, John O. An electrically driven cotton mill. (In National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1902, No. 72. Boston, 1902. pp. 239-256.) 

Dornig, Hermann. Die Praxis der mechanischen Weberei. Ein Hilfs- und Lehrbuch. 
fur Meister und Schiller. Wien, A. Hartleben, 1895. 121 pp. 

[Draper, George O.] Labor-saving looms (2d ed.). A brief treatise on plain weaving 
and the recent improvements in that line with special reference to the Northrop 
looms manufactured by Draper Co., Hopedale, Mass. [Milford, Mass., Cook & 
Sons], 1905. 248 pp. 

comp.. Textile texts for cotton manufacturers concerning the proper methods 

of equipping and running mills, and a full list of patented cotton machinery. 2d or 
1903 ed. Hopedale, Mass., 1903. 320 pp. 

Draper. AVilliam F. Continued development of the Northrop loom. (In National 
Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions. 1903, No. -74. Boston, 1903. 
pp. 158-176.) 

The Draper Co. Facts and figures for textile manufacturers, concerning the proper 
methods of equipping and running mills, including special treatises on carding, 
spinning, spooling, warping, dyeing, reeling, twisting, and weaving. Also general 
history, mathematical tables, and a full list of the patented cotton machinery 
introduced and sold by the firm. Hopedale, Mass., 1896. 256 pp. 

■ Improvements in cotton machinery for roving, spinning, twisting, spooling, 

reeling, warping, dressing, weaving, etc. Hopedale, Mass., G. Draper & Sons 
[1881]. 106 pp. 

Earle, T. K.. Manufacturing Co.. Worcester, Mass. T. K. Earle & Co.'s estimates 
of the number of feet of card clothing required to cover the various wool and cotton 
carding machines. 4th ed. Worcester, E. R. Fiske, 1871. 56 pp. 

Elbers, Wilhelm. Die Bedienung der Arbeit.smaschinen zur Herstellung bedruckter 
Baumwollstoffe unter Beriicksichtigung der wichtigsten Arbeitsmaschinen der 
Spinnerei und Weberei. Braunschweig, F. Viewag und Sohn, 1909. 226 pp. 

Faught-Deering Cotton Gin Driver Manufacturing Co., Louisville, Ky. Imported 
gin house economies. Louisville Ky.. J. P. Morton & Co., 1881. 12 pp. 

Felkin, William. A history of the machine-wrought hosiery and lace manufactures. 
London, Longman-, Green & Co., 1867. 559 pp. 

Fernley, John A. Practical experiences in electrical driving. (In National Asso- 
ciation of Cotton Manufacturer?. Transactions, 1906, No. 81. Boston, 1906. pp. 
252-266.) Discussion: pp. 266-284. 

Foster, Raymond L. Steam plant efficiency in textile mills. (In National Associa- 
tion of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1912, No. 92. Boston, 1912. pp. 
335-348.) Discussion: pp. 348-351. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 93 

French, Gilbert J. The life and times of Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinnin ; 
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paper on the origin of spinning rollers, read by Robert Cole. 2d ed. Manchester 
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Geldard, James. Handbook on cotton manufacture; or, A guide to machine build- 
ing, spinning, and weaving, with practical examples, calculations, tables New 
York, J. Wiley & Son. 1867. 298 pp. 

Gilroy, Clinton G. The art of weaving, by hand and by power; with an account of 
recent improvements in that art and a sketch of the history of its rise and progress in 
ancient and modern times. 2d ed. Manchester [Eng.], H. & J. Thomson. 1847. 
536 pp. 

Gray. Andrew. A treatise on spinning machinery; illustrated with plans of differ- 
ent machines made use of in that art, from the spindle and distaff of the ancients 
to the machines which have been invented or improved by the moderns Edin- 
burgh, A. Constable & Co., 1819. 91 pp. 

Gt. Brit. Home Department. Report on conferences between employers, opera- 
tives, and inspectors, concerning fencing of machinery and other safeguards, and 
ventilation in cotton bleaching, dyeing, and printing works, by John Jackson. 
London, Darling & Son. 1914. 16 pp. 

Gross, Bruno. Die Jacquardmasehine. Ein Leitfaden fur Fachschulen und Prak- 
tiker. Reichenbach i. V., Haun & Sohn [1910]. 

Harriman, Henry I. The Harriman automatic loom. (In National Association of 
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nerei und Tuchfabrikation. ausgefiihrt von Dr. Ernst Hartig. Leipzig, B. G. Teub- 
ner, 1864. 72 pp. (Mittheilungen der K. Sachs, polvtechnischen Schule zu 
Dresden. Heft U 

Versuche iiber den Kraftbedarf der Maschinen in der Flachs- und Wergspin- 

nerei. Leipzig, B.TL Teubner, 1869. 117 pp. (Mittheilungen der K. Sachs, poly- 
technischen Schule zu Dresden. lift. 2.) 

Hartshorne, William D. Observations on spindle banding; a plea for something 
better, (in National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1902, 
No. 73. Boston. 1903. pp. 145-174.) Discussion: pp. 175-181. 

Hayes, John L. American textile machinery: its early history, characteristics, con- 
tributions to the industry of the world, relations to other industries, and claims for 
national recognition. Cambridge. University Press, J. Wilson & Son, 1879. 72 pp. 

Hayes, William. An improvement in cards. (In National Association of Cotton 
Manufacturers. Transactions, 1903, No. 75. Boston, 1903. pp. 164-166.) Dis- 
cussion: pp. 166-167. 

Holland Rupert S. Historic inventions. Philadelphia, G. W. Jacobs & Co. [1911]. 
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[Hooper, Mary P. C] Hooper colonial loom. [New York] 1903. 14 pp. 

Hunt, William F. Economy in handling material in cotton mills. (In National 
Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1914, No. 96. Boston, 1914. 
pp. 250-269.) 

Ivey. George F. Loom-fixing and weaving. Shelby, N. C, C. P. Roberts, 1896. 
109 pp. 

James, John. History of the worsted manufacture in England, from the earliest 
times. London, Longmans. Brown. Green. Longmans and Roberts. 1857. 640 p. 

Kastanek, Ivo. A manual of weave construction; a systematic arrangement and 
explanation of the foundation and derivative weaves for harness looms, tr. and ar- 
ranged for American and English practice by Samuel S. Dale. Boston, Mass., 
Guild & Lord [1903]. 101pp. (Lord's textile manuals.) 

Kenyon, Edwin. The transmission of power bv ropes. (In National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1912, No. 92. Boston, 1912. pp. 352-420.) 

Kittredge, Henry G.. and A. C. Gould. Historv of the American card-clothing indus- 
try. Worcester, Mass., The T. K. Earle Manufacturing Co., 1886. 96 pp. 

Kohl, Friedrich. Geschichte der Jacquard-maschine und der sich ihr anschhessenden 
Abanderungen und Verbesserungen, nebst der Biographie Jacqiiard's. Berlin, Nico- 
lai, 1872. 197 pp. (With Verein zur Beforderung des Gewerbfleisses, Berlin. 
Verhandlungen. Berlin, 1872. 51. Jahrg.) 

Ueber den Maschinenwebstuhl. Leipzig, Druck von F. A. Brockhaus [1859]. 

60 pp. 

Leggatt. William. The theory and practice of the art of weaving. Diagrams, illus- 
trating machinery for preparation and weaving of same. Dundee, W. Kidd & Sons, 
1907. 21 fold. pi. 4 pp. 



94 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

Leggatt, William. The theory and practice of the art of weaving linen and jute 
manufactures by power loom, with tables and calculations. [Student's ed.] Dundee, 
W. Kidd [1906 ?] 143 pp. 

Lehmann, Max G. F. Die Spinnerei, ein Uberblick tiber die in der Spinnerei ge- 
brauchlichsten Rohmaterialien und ihre Verarbeitung. Leipzig, B. G. Teubner, 
1911. 107 pp. (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt. 338. Bdchen.) 

Leigh, Evan. The science of modern cotton spinning: embracing mill architecture; 
machinery for cotton ginning, opening, scutching, preparing, and spinning, with 
all the latest improvements. 2d ed. Manchester [Eng.], Palmer & Howe, 1873. 
2v. 

Leroux, Charles. A practical treatise on the manufacture of worsted and carded 
yarns. Tr. from the French, by Horatio Paine and A. A. Fesquet. To which is 
added an appendix containing extracts from the reports of the international jury 
on woolen and worsted machinery and fabrics, as exhibited in the Paris universal 
exposition, 1867. Philadelphia, H. C. Baird, 1869. 341 pp. 

Lister, John. The manufacturing processes of wool and worsted. Manchester 
[Eng.], A. Heywood & Son [1911?] 205 pp. 

Loggie, George W. Alignment of shafting and machinerv. (In National Association 
of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1911, No. 91, Boston, 1911. pp. 138-169.) 

Lowell Machine Shop, Lowell, Mass. [Plates.] Reproduced from photographic 
copies of charts prepared for use in the cotton yarn preparation department of 
the Lowell textile school by the Lowell Machine Shop, under the direction of Charles 
C. Hedrick. [Lowell], 1898. 25 pi. 

McKerrow, H. G. A modern textile machine building plant. (In National Asso- 
ciation of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1901, No. 70. Boston, 1901. pp. 
127-150.) Discussion: pp. 151-154. 

New methods of combing cotton. (In National Association of Cotton Manu- 
facturers. Transactions, 1900, No. 69. _ Boston, 1900. pp. 341-348.) 

Marble, Edwin H. The cloth room and its equipment. (In National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1905, No. 78. Boston, 1905. pp. 198-217.) 
Discussion: pp. 217-219. 

Marsden, Richard. Cotton weaving: its development, principles, and practice. 
London, G. Bell & Sons, 1895. 533 pp. (Technological handbooks, 11.) 

Merrill, Meldon H. Motor drive as applied to cotton mills. (In National Association 
of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1905, No. 78. Boston, 1905. pp. 315-328.) 
Discussion: pp. 328-340. 

Myers, William. The examination and testing of cloth. (In National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1911, No. 91. Boston, 1911. pp. 100-134.) 
Discussion: pp. 134-136. Describes various testing machines. 

Nasmith, Joseph. Modern cotton spinning machinery, its principles and construc- 
tion. Manchester, J. Nasmith, 1890. 322 pp. Glossary: p. 308. 

A new combing machine. (In National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. 

Transactions, 1902, No. 72. Boston, 1902. pp. 227-238.) 

Nightingale, B. D. Practice in weaving and loom-fixing. A complete manual for the 
weave room. Philadelphia, The Textile Record, 1887. 134 pp. (Textile record 
handbook, No. 3.) 

Oelsner, Gustaf H. Die deutsche Webschule. Mechanische Technologie der 
Weberei. 8. Aufl. Altona, A. Send, 1902. 942 pp. 

Parker, Bartholomew M. Cotton mill machinery calculations. A complete, compre- 
hensive, and practical treatment of all necessary calculations on cotton carding and 
spinning machines. West Raleigh, N. C, B. M. Parker [1913]. 167 pp. 

Passardi, Renato. Le industriedel cotone; nota sulla registrazione degli acquisti di 
cotoni sodi del prof. rag. Giovanni Rota; prof. rag. Federico de Gregorio: Le Indus- 
trie della lana. Torino, Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1913. 292 pp. 
(Biblioteca di ragioneria applicata, v. 25, monografie 60, 60 bis e 61.) "Biblio- 
grafia:" pp. 147-148, 292. 

Phelps, Charles C. Uses of compressed air in cotton mills. (In National Association 
of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1914, No. 96, Boston, 1914. pp. 295-380.) 

Posselt, Emanuel A. The Jacquard machine analyzed and explained: with an ap- 
pendix on the preparation of Jacquard cards, and practical hints to learners of 
Jacquard designing. Philadelphia, published under the auspices of the school 
[Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art], 1888. 127 pp 

Recent improvements in textile machinery. Philadelphia, E. A. Posselt 

[1897-1905]. 3 v. (Posselt's Textile Library, v. 3, 6, 9.) 

Repenning, H. Die mechanische Weberei; Lehrbuch zum Gebrauch an technischen 
und gewerblichen Schulen sowie zum Selbstunterricht. Berlin, M. Krayn, 1911. 
340 pp. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 95 

Rooney, Elwin H. The Whitin high-speed comber. (In National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1907, No. 82. Boston, 1907. pp. 339-348.) 

Scott, Robert. Scott's practical cotton spinner and manufacturer; the managers', 
overlookers', and mechanics' companion, being a comprehensive system of calcu- 
lations of mill gearing and machinery, with the recent improvements in machinery. 
4th ed. London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1860. 395 pp. 

The seven diagrams, or Improved gin-houses. Louisville, Ky., J. P. Morton & Co 
1872. 71 pp. 

Simpson, Louis. The use and abuse of warp stop motions and other automatic appli- 
ances on power looms. (In National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Trans- 
actions, 1907, No. 83. Boston, 1907. pp. 273-281.) 

Smith, George R. Yarn testing and testing machines. (In National Cotton Manu- 
facturers Association. Transactions, 1900, No. 69. Boston, 1900. pp. 258-277.) 

Snell, Daniel W. A description of the positive self -graduating warp delivery motion, 
as applied to looms. Woonsocket, printed at Foss's steam printing establishment, 
1855. 8 pp. [Technological pamphlets, v. 4, No. 11.] 

Stafford Co., Readville, Mass. "Ideal" automatic loom. Readville, Mass., The 
Stafford Co., 1912. 94 pp. 

Stewart, William P., pub. Stewart's manual of crochet point loopation. New York 
[W. P. Stewart], 1884. 94 pp. 

Taggart, William S. Cotton machinery sketches. London, New York, Macmillan & 
Co., 1903. 104 pp. of diagrams. 

Cotton spinning. 2ded. London, New York, Macmillan & Co., 1901-2. 3 v. 

Thomas, E. W. The Barber warp tying machine. (In National Association of Cotton 
Manufacturers. Transactions, 1905, No. 78. Boston, 1905. pp. 225-244.) 

Thompson, Albert W. Pneumatic service for cleaning textile machinery. (In Na- 
tional Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1909, No. 87. Boston, 
1909. pp. 207-219.) Discussion: pp. 219-224. 

Thornley, Thomas. Practical treatise upon self-acting mules. Manchester, London, 
Hey wood [1894]. 392 pp. 

Tompkins, Ernest. The science of knitting; an illustrated reference book. New 
York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1914. 330 pp. 

Tripp, Othniel F. Improved system of knitting mittens on the Lamb knitting 
machine. [Battle Creek, Mich., 1873.] 7 pp. 

Walton, Perry. The story of textiles; a bird's-eye view of the history of the begin- 
ning and the growth of the industry by which mankind is clothed. Boston, Mass., 
J. S. Lawrence [1912]. 274 pp. 

Watson, John, manufacturer. The theory and practice of the art of weaving, by 
hand and power, with calculations and tables. 3d ed. Glasgow, G. Watson & Son, 
1888. 482 pp. 

Watson, John F. Report on cotton gins, and on the cleaning and quality of Indian 
cotton. London, W. H. Allen & Co. 1879. 2 v. 

Webber, Samuel. Manual of power for machines, shafts, and belts. With the 
history of cotton manufacture in the United States. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 
1879. 124 pp. 

White, George. A practical treatise on weaving by hand and power looms. Glasgow, 
J. Niven, 1846. 362 pp. 

Willcox, Dudley. Care of belts in cotton mills. (In National Association of Cotton 
Manufacturers. Transactions, 1913, No. 95. Boston, 1913. pp. 329-339.) 

Willey, Eben C. The adjustment of cotton preparing and spinning machinery. 
(In National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Transactions, 1903, No. 75. 
Boston, 1903. pp. 214-231.) 

Willkomm, Otto, engineer. Beitrage zur mechanischen Technologie der Wirkerei; 
Ware und Wirkmuster an Rundstuhlen. Leipzig, T. Martin's Textil-verlag, 1905. 
66 pp. "Literatur": pp. 5. 

Wood, William. Correspondence relating to the invention of the Jacquard brussels 
carpet power loom. Boston, A. Mudge & Son, 1868. 11 pp. 

Woodbury, Charles J. H. Bibliography of the cotton manufacture. Waltham, Mass., 
press of E. L. Barry, 1909-1910. 2 v. Also in the Transactions of the National 
Association of Cotton Manufacturers, 1909-1910, No. 86, pp. 339-549; No. 88, pp. 
364-414. 

Woodcroft, Bennet. Brief biographies of inventors of machines for the manufacture 
of textile fabrics. London, Longmans, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1863. 
51 pp. 

Woolman, Mrs. Mary S., and Ellen B. McGowan. Textiles; a handbook for the stu- 
dent and consumer. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1913. 428 pp. Textile ma- 
chinery: pp. 16-43. 



96 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

ARTICLES IX PERIODICALS. 

1901. American loom inventors. Gunton's Magazine, Sept., 1901, v. 21: 268-270. 

1902. Townsend, I. TJ. Northrop loom. Scientific American Supplement, Sept. 13, 

1902. v. 54: 22324-22325. 

Parish, William F. The lubrication of textile mills. Cassier's Magazine, 
Dec, 1902, v. 23: 355-362. 

1903. New automatic Hattersley loom. Scientific American Supplement, Aug. 8, 

1903, v. 56: 23073. 

1906. Dale. William. Machine for picking cotton. Scientific American, May 5, 

1906, v. 94: 371-372. 

1907. M'Clure, W. F. The manufacture of worsted cloth. Scientific American, 

Apr., 1907, v. 96: 329-330. 

1908. Kavanagh, Charles J. Power problem for textile industries. Cassier's Maga- 

zine, Aug., 1908, v. 34: 371-380. _ 
Coster, A. V. Gas engine in textile mills. Cassier's Magazine. Sept., 1908, 
v. 34: 402-413. 

1909. Booth, William H. Modern cotton-spinning factory. Cassier's Magazine, 

Jan.-Mar., L909, v. 35: 359-379, 487-504, 582-602. 
Self-acting mule spinning frame. Cassier's Magazine, Mar. . 1909, v. 35: 638-639. 
Driving cotton mills by electricity. Cassier's Magazine, Apr., 1909, v. 35-739. 
Walton, A. Electric driving for weaving machinery. Cassier's Magazine, 

July, 1909, v. 36: 250-256. 

Analysis of power distribution in a cotton-spinning frame. Cassier's 

Magazine, Aug.. 1909. v. 36: 367-377. 

Copeland, M. T. Technical development in cotton manufacturing since 1860. 
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov., 1909, v. 24: 109-159. 

1910. New application of alternating currents of high tension. Scientific American 

Supplement, Mar. 19, 1910, v. 69: 191. 

Crawford, H. M. Protection of employers in cotton mills. Cassier's Mag- 
azine, Apr.. 1910, v. 37: 717-731. 

Woodhouse, W. B. Electrical driving of textile machinery. Cassier's Magazine, 
May, 1910, v. 38: 24-38. 

Walton, A. Electric driving of cotton-picking machinery. Cassier's Magazine, 
June, 1910, v. 38: 114-129. 

Hackett, L. A. Processes in cotton spinning. Scientific American Supple- 
ment, June 18-25, 1910, v. 69: 396-398, 404-405. 

Crabtree, J. H. Safety appliances in the cotton-spinning industry. Scientific 
American, July 16, 1910, v. 103: 45. 

Crawford, H. M. Protective appliances in cotton mills. Cassier's Magazine, 
Oct., 1910, v. 38: 490-513. 

Mechanical appliances for health and safety in the weaving .ndustry. 

Cassier's Magazine, Dec, 1910, v. 39: 117-134. 

1911. Booth, W. H. Driving of cotton mills. Cassier's Magazine, Aug., 1911, v. 40 

291-312. 

Copeland, M. T. Progress of the automatic loom. Quarterly Journal of Eco- 
nomics, Aug., 1911, v. 25: 746-750. 

Walton, A. Electric driving for mule spinning. Cassier's Magazine, Nov , 
1911, v. 40: 629-637. 

Crabtree. J. H. Methods of dust extraction on cotton-cardins; engines. Scientific 
American, Dec 30, 1911. v. 105: 592. 
1911-1912. < 'rawford, H. M. Mechanical appliances for dust extraction in cotton mills. 
Cassier's Magazine, Nov., 1911, Feb., 1912, v. 40: 579-596; v. 41: 132-147. 

1912. Hooper, Luther. The loom and spindle; past, present, and future. Society of 

Arts. Journal. Sept. 6, 1912. v, 60: 947-960. 
Vacuum cleaner in cotton mills. Scientific American, Oct. 5, 1912, v. 107: 276. 

1913. Recent developments in Lancashire cotton mills. Engineering (London). Apr 

4, 1913, v. 95: 447-451. Illustrated discussion of advances made in the various 

departments. 
Automatic weaving machinery. Engineering (London), May 9, 1913, v. 95: 

640-641 
Rohn, G. Die Arbeitsmaschinen fur die Textilindustrie au der Weltansstellung 

in Gent, 1913. Zeitachrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, Sept 20, 1913, 

v.57: 1493-1498. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 07 

1914. Woolen and worsted machinery in Europe. Textile World Record, Jan., 19L4, 

v. 46: 403-404. 
New bobbin holder. Textile World Record, Jan., 1914, v. 46: 415. 
Fleeced lined knitting. Textile World Record, Jan., 1914, v. 46: 429-432. 
Brown geared-spindle band. Textile World Record, Jan., 1914, v. 46: 445-446. 
New model Banner hosiery machine. Textile World Record, Feb., 1914, v. 46: 

521-522. 
Device for wet spinning and twisting. Textile World Record, Mar., 1914, v. 

46: 585-586. 
Improvement in knitting machines. Textile World Record, Mar., 1914, v. 46: 

606-608. 
Improved needle for knitting machines. Textile World Record, Mar., 1914, v. 

46: 609. 
Textile machinery exhibition at the City Hall, Manchester. Engineer (Lon- 
don), Apr. 3, 1914, v. 117: 383. 
Textile machinery exhibition at Manchester. Engineering (London), Apr. 3, 

1914, v. 97: 444-446. 
Motor drive for full fashioned hosiery machines. Textile World Record, Apr., 

1914, v. 47: 102-104. 
Picking, shearing, and brushing: machine for broad silks. Textile World Rec- 
ord, Apr., 1914, v. 47: 121-122. 
Dantzer, E. European methods of carbonizing raw stock and pieces. Textile 

World Record, Apr.-June, 1914, v. 47: 78-80, 273-275, 315-317. 
Boston textile machinery exhibition. Textile World Record, May, 1914, v. 

47: 210-264. 
Calculating the draft of a drawing frame. Textile World Record, May, 1914, 

v. 47: 288-289. 
Scott and Williams system of hosiery knitting machines. Textile World Rec- 
ord, May, 1914, v. 47: 295-297. 
Knitting on a fourteen-cut frame. Textile World Record, May, 1914, v. 47: 

299-301. 
Scott combined power varn and cloth tester. Textile World Record, May, 

1914, v. 47: 314-316. * 
Philadelphia knitting machinery exhibition. Textile World Record, June, 

1914, v. 47: 284-313. 
Gwaltney, P. A. Cotton combing. Textile World Record, July, 4914, v. 47 

394. 
Dumville, J. Cams for building worsted tubes. Textile World Record, July, 

1914, v. 47: 398-400. 
Warping machine for warp knitted fabrics. Textile World Record, July, 1914, 

v. 47: 430-431. 
Circular knitting machine. Textile World Record, July, 1914, v. 47: 431-432. 
Machine for dampening cloth. Textile World Record, July, 1914, v. 47: 

453-454. 
Loom brake. Textile World Record, Aug., 1914, v. 47: 512. 
Embroidery knitting machine. Textile World Record, Aug., 1914, v. 47: 

526-527. 
Improvements for feeler looms. Textile World Record, Aug., 1914, v. 47: 

544-545. 
Brush for pile fabrics. Textile World Record, Aug., 1914, v. 47: 550-551. 
Tension device for spinning frames. Textile World Record, Sept., 1914, v. 

47: 579. 
Parks and Woolson new model steam finishing machine. Textile World Record, 

Sept., 1914, v. 47: 631-632. 
Kemp automatic gas system for cloth singeing machines. Textile World Record, 

Sept., 1914, v. 47: 632-634. 
Farr, A. V. Ball bearings on spinning frame? Textib World Record, Sept., 

1914. v. 47: 637-640. 
Thompson, A. W. Cleaning textile machinery by compressed air. Textih 

World Record, Sept., 1914, v. 47: 643-645. 
British and German textile machinery. Engineer (London), Nov. 13, 1914, 

v. 118: 460. 
Manufacturers' cooling and conditioning machine. Textile World Record, 

Nov., 1914, v. 48: 247-249. 
Tuttle knitting machine. Textile World Record, Dec, 1914, v. 48: 342. 
Cameron process for slitting and winding strips for surgeons' bandages and other 

purposes. Textile World Record, Dec, 1914, v. 48: 346-350. 

25090°— 16— —7 



98 COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY INDUSTRY. 

1914. Machine for preparing absorbent cotton. Textile World Record, Dec, 1914, 

v. 48: 350-351. 
Hand knitting machine. Textile World Record, Dec, 1914, v. 4S: 351-353. 

1915. Needle carrier for knitting machine. Textile World Record, Jan., 1915, v. 48: 

416-417. 
Circular knitting machine. Textile World Record, Jan., Mar., 1915, v. 48: 

420-421; 614-615. 
Sponging and shrinking machine. Textile World Record, Jan., 1915, v. 48: 

426-427. 
Improved high-pressure boiling jigger. Textile World Record, Jan., 1915, 

v. 48: 427-428. 
New Lancashire cloth winder. Textile World Record, Jan., 1915. v. 48: 439-442. 
Thin-place preventer for looms. Textile World Record, Feb., 1915 v. 48: 

4S3-484. 
New flat seaming machine for knitted goods. Textile World Record Feb., 1915, 

v. 48: 513-515. 
Preparing absorbent cotton. Textile World Record, Feb., 1915, v. 48: 533-535. 
Improved loom. Textile World Record, Mar., 1915, v. 48: 633-634. 
Apparatus for steaming cotton roving. Textile World Record, Apr., 1915, 

v. 49: 97. 
Knitting machine needle. Textile World Record, Apr., 1915, v. 49: 105-107. 
Device for laying cloth. Textile World Record, Apr.. 1915. v. 49: 113. 
Steaming and drying machine for textiles. Textile World Record, Apr., 1915, 

v. 49: 116-117. 
Philadelphia knitting machinerv exhibition. Textile World Record, May, 

1915, v. 49: 245-270b. 

CATALOGUES. 

Cooper, Charles. Illustrated and descriptive catalogue of automatic knitting 
machinerv. Also spring knitting needles. [Boston, Mclndoe Bros., printers, 
1SS6.] 2S pp. 

The Draper Co. George Draper & Sons, manufacturers of cotton machinery. ' Cata- 
logue of latest improvements in machinery for roving, spinning, twisting, spooling, 
reeling, warping, dressing, and weaving. Hopedale, Mass., 1887. 193 pp. 

Garland Manufacturing Co., Saco, Me. Illustrated catalogue and price list [of loom 
pickers, etc] Saco, Me., Garland Manufacturing Co. [1905.] 1 v. 

The Whitin Machine Works, Whitinsville, Mass. Illustrated and descriptive cata- 
log of Whitin cotton card-room machinery and handbook of useful information for 
overseers and operators. Whitinsville, Mass.. The Whitin Machine Works [1912] 

1 v. 

Illustrated and descriptive catalog of Whitin cotton-weaving machinery 

and handbook of useful information for overseers and operators. Whitinsville, 

Mass., The Whitin Machine Works [1913]. 1 v. 
Illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Whitin cotton yarn machinery and 

handbook of useful information for overseers and operators, 1911-15. Whitinsville, 

Mass., The Whitin Machine Works, 1911-1915. 4 v. 

PERIODICALS. 

The Textile Manufacturer. 1898-date. Charlotte, N. C. [J. Cuthbertson & Co.]. 

1898-date. 17 v. in 18 weekly. 
The Textile Manufacturer Annual, 1905-date. Manchester, Emmott & Co. [Ltd.], 

1905-date. 11 v. 
Textile Manufacturers Journal; wool, cotton, and fabrics. 1900-1901. New York 

J. H. Bragdon & Co., 1900-1904. 4 v. 
Textile Manufacturers' Review and Industrial Record. New York, The Industrial 

Record Co., 1877-1896. 22 v. 
The Textile Record of America. Devoted to the manufacture and distribution of all 

woven fabrics: cotton, wool, silk, and flax culture, etc Philadelphia, The Textila 

Record Co., 1880-1903. 24 v. in 23. Monthly. 
Tex^Je World and Industrial Record. Boston. Guild & Lord, 1890-1903 23 v. 

Monthlv. 
Textile World Record. Apr., 1903-date Boston New York, Lord & Nagle Co., 

1903-date. 23 v. Formed by union in Apr., 1903, of the Textile World and 

Industrial Record (Boston) and the Textile record of America (Philadelphia). 



APPENDIX B. 
MAKERS OF COTTON TEXTILE MACHINERY. 

Commencing their operations during the second quarter of the last 
century, the cotton textile machine manufacturers of New England 
have grown and developed with the corresponding expansion of the 
cotton-mill industry. 

The following is a list of the existing cotton textile machinery 
manufacturers which furnish the cotton mills of the United States 
with 87 per cent of their carding machinery, 92 per cent of their spin- 
ning machinery, and practically all of their looms: 

The Whitin Machine Works, shops at Whitinsville, Mass.— Revolving-top flat cards, 
drawing frames, railway heads, sliver lap machines, ribbon lap machines, combing 
machines, slnbbing frames, intermediate frames, roving frames, jack frames, ring 
spinning frames, twister frames, spoolers, reels and quillers, looms, and waste 
machinery. 

Saco-Lowell shops (4 shops); Lowell shop, at Lowell. Mass. — Ring spinning frames, 
slasher machines, and looms. 

Kitson shop, at Lowell, Mass. — Picker machines. 

Newton shop, at Newton Upper Falls, Mass. — Revolving-top flat cards, drawing 
frames, and evener drawing. 

Hi i Iik ford shop, at Biddeford, Me. — Ring spinning frames, slabbing frames, inter- 
mediate frames, roving frames, jack frames, twisters, spoolers, and warpers. 

Howard & Bullough American Machine Co., shops at Pawtucket, R. /.—Picker 
machines, revolving-top flat cards, drawing frames, rovin» machinery, and ring 
spinning frames. 

Fales\i- Jenlcs Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I. — Rinr spinning frames and twisting 
rames. 

/ otter &• Johnson Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I.— Picker machines and revolvin?- 
top flat cards. 

Woonsocket Machine & Pres; Co., Woonsocket, R. J.— Drawing frame; and roving 
rames. 

Mason Machinz Works, Taunton, Mass.— Revolving-top flat cards, drawing frames, 
spinning frames, and looms. 

Easton & Burham Machine Co., Pawtuche', R. I. — Spooling and winding, and machin- 
ery and reels. 

T. C Entwistle Co., Lowell, Mass —Warping and beaming, and machinery. 

Draper Co., Hopedale, .Mass.— Northrop automatic looms 

Crompton Knowles Co., Worcester, Mass. — Looms. 

Kilburn Machine Co., Fall River, Mass. — Looms 

Stafford iMom Co., Readville, Mast. — Looms. 

It will he noted that in the above list of American manufacturers 
there are but five concerns building revolving-top flat cards, five 
building drawing frames, four building roving frames, five building 
ring spuming frames, one building combing machine, and seven 
building looms. 

99 

o 



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